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339 CBG STUDIES WITH SUMMARIES
We’ve reviewed 339 scientific studies on Cannabigerol, published between 1970 and 2024, and condensed each into easy-to-understand summaries to save you time.
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OPEN POPUP FOR SUMMARIES OF 339 CBG STUDIES
| # | Year | Title of the Study | Main Finding | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2024 | Selected phytocannabinoids inhibit SN-38- and cytokine-evoked increases in epithelial permeability and improve intestinal barrier function in vitro. | The study investigated the effects of selected phytocannabinoids on gastrointestinal mucositis induced by irinotecan. Using a cell-based model, it was found that cannabidiol, cannabidivarin, and cannabigerol significantly protected against increased epithelial permeability caused by the chemotherapy drug SN-38 and inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and IL-1beta. While the phytocannabinoids demonstrated their mucoprotective capacity, they did not show any ability to inhibit ROS generation caused by a lipid peroxidant. These findings suggest the potential development of these phytocannabinoids as supportive therapeutics for managing gastrointestinal toxicity in cancer treatments involving irinotecan. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38950639/ |
| 2 | 2024 | Cannabidivarin and cannabigerol induce unfolded protein response and angiogenesis dysregulation in placental trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells. | The study investigates the effects of CBDV and CBG on placental extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) using the HTR-8/SVneo cell line. Both cannabinoids induced anti-proliferative effects and increased oxidative stress through TRPV1 activation. They upregulated the expression of the chaperone HSPA5 (GRP78/BiP) linked to ER stress, but activated different unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. While both cannabinoids recruited the IRE pathway, only CBDV enhanced the PERK pathway and initiated apoptosis without activating effector caspases. Additionally, both cannabinoids impaired angiogenic properties and disrupted cell behavior, suggesting potential adverse effects on placentation and pregnancy outcomes. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38748041/ |
| 3 | 2024 | A new cannabigerol derivative, LE-127/2, induces autophagy mediated cell death in human cutaneous melanoma cells. | The study demonstrated that LE-127/2 significantly inhibits cell proliferation in human melanoma cell lines (WM35, A2058, and WM3000) at a dosage of 20 µM, comparable to the effects of the drugs CBG and vemurafenib. Although LE-127/2 showed about 50% suppression of clonogenic survival in A2058 cells after 14 days, it was less effective than CBG and vemurafenib. Importantly, LE-127/2 exhibited cytotoxicity only at higher concentrations (80 µM), suggesting greater safety for intact epidermal cells compared to CBG. The compound also increased the expression of proteins related to autophagy and apoptosis, indicating its dual role in promoting cell death via these pathways. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39357769/ |
| 4 | 2024 | Ensiling conditions and changes of cannabinoid concentration in industrial hemp. | The study investigated the effects of anaerobic fermentation on the cannabinoid content in whole plant hemp silages. Results showed that ensiling decreased the acidic forms of cannabinoids by about 40-65% after 90 days but resulted in an increase in the non-acidic form of ∆9-THC, a psychoactive compound. This suggests that while total cannabinoid levels decrease during the ensiling process, the concentration of ∆9-THC may pose health risks to animals and lead to potential safety concerns for consumers of animal products such as milk. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39192735/ |
| 5 | 2024 | A 10-year trend in cannabis potency (2013-2022) in different geographical regions of the United States of America. | The study analyzed cannabinoid concentrations in illicit cannabis samples seized by the DEA from 2013 to 2022, revealing that high Delta(9)-THC levels are typical across different geographical regions. The analysis showed that the cannabinoid profile is predominantly governed by plant genetics rather than regional cultivation conditions, with other cannabinoids such as CBG and CBN present at less than 1%. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39421827/ |
| 6 | 2024 | Effect of Hemp Extraction Procedures on Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Composition. | This study compared the cannabinoid and terpene profiles of hemp extracts obtained through three different extraction methods: hydrodistillation, supercritical CO(2) extraction, and solvent-based (ethanol) extraction. It found that hydrodistilled extracts had the highest variety and abundance of terpenes, with beta-caryophyllene being the most concentrated terpene at 25-42 mg/g. Supercritical CO(2) extracts provided the greatest variety and abundance of cannabinoids, specifically CBD, with levels ranging from 12.8-20.6 mg/g. Ethanol extracts, on the other hand, had significant amounts of acidic cannabinoids, specifically CBDA, at 3.2-4.1 mg/g, but minimal terpenes. The study emphasizes that the extraction method significantly influences the chemical composition of hemp products, which may in turn affect their efficacy, tolerability, and safety. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204658/ |
| 7 | 2024 | Acute effects of cannabigerol on anxiety, stress, and mood: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, field trial. | The study conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial with 34 healthy adult participants to examine the acute effects of 20 mg hemp-derived cannabigerol (CBG) on anxiety, stress, and mood. Results indicated that participants who received CBG experienced significant reductions in anxiety and stress levels compared to those who received a placebo. Furthermore, CBG administration was associated with enhanced verbal memory performance. Importantly, the study found no subjective drug effects or cognitive and motor impairments associated with CBG consumption. These findings suggest that CBG may be a promising candidate for alleviating anxiety and stress without adverse effects. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39003387/ |
| 8 | 2024 | High Cannabigerol Hemp Extract Moderates Colitis and Modulates the Microbiome in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model. | The study utilized a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of colitis in mice to investigate the effects of a commercially available high CBG hemp extract on IBD. The findings indicated that daily administration of the hemp extract led to a significant reduction in disease severity, demonstrated by improved metrics such as decreased disease activity index, increased colon length, and reduced colon tissue damage. Additionally, analysis of the fecal microbiota revealed beneficial alterations, and metabolomic analysis indicated normalization of inflammatory metabolic pathways in treated mice. These results suggest that high CBG hemp extracts could represent a novel treatment option for managing symptoms associated with IBD. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39009468/ |
| 9 | 2024 | Impact of Dietary Fat and Oral Delivery System on Cannabigerol Pharmacokinetics in Adults. | The study revealed that the pharmacokinetics (PK) of CBG are influenced more by dietary fat than by the type of delivery vehicle (emulsified vs. non-emulsified). Participants consuming a high-fat meal exhibited higher plasma levels of CBG, reflected in increased area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration, and terminal half-life, alongside a lower terminal elimination rate and reduced time to maximum concentration. These findings underscore the importance of dietary intake for effective CBG therapeutic development and suggest that administration guidelines should consider meal composition when delivering orally administered cannabinoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38574248/ |
| 10 | 2024 | Phytocannabinoid profile and potency of cannabis resin (hashish) of northwest Himalayas of India. | This study analyzed 58 hand-rubbed hashish samples from 20 regions in the northwest Himalayas using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed varying cannabinoid profiles, primarily indicating a high potency of Delta(9)-THC, with a mean concentration of 26%. Most samples were classified as chemotype I, characterized by a THC:CBD:CBN ratio of 91:3:4, while 30% were classified as chemotype II, with a ratio of 76:15:8. The research highlights the substantial differences in potency across samples, which can vary by 27 w/w% in total THC content. This finding underscores the traditional significance of hand-rubbed hashish and suggests implications for public health and cannabis legislation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38992862/ |
| 11 | 2024 | Phytocannabinoids CBD, CBG, and their Derivatives CBD-HQ and CBG-A Induced In Vitro Cytotoxicity in 2D and 3D Colon Cancer Cell Models. | The study investigated the anticancer effects of selected phytocannabinoids on the colon cancer cell line SW-620 using the MTT assay. All tested cannabinoids demonstrated cytotoxicity at a minimum concentration of 3 µg/mL. The IC50 values indicated varying levels of potency among the cannabinoids, with CBG presenting the least antioxidant activity. Notably, CBG-A showed a significant reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These findings suggest that cannabinoids have potential therapeutic roles in cancer treatment, warranting further research in this area. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38666957/ |
| 12 | 2024 | Orally administered Cannabigerol (CBG) in rats: Cannabimimetic actions, anxiety-like behavior, and inflammation-induced pain. | The study evaluated the effects of various dosages of orally administered CBG on behaviors related to its potential medicinal benefits in anxiety, inflammation, and nociception (pain sensitivity). The results indicated that CBG did not exhibit cannabimimetic effects in the cannabinoid tetrad, nor did it reduce anxiety in the acoustic startle response test. Additionally, CBG pretreatment did not prevent acute inflammatory responses induced by carrageenan, while morphine effectively alleviated hyperalgesia and allodynia. These findings suggest that CBG may not be beneficial for anxiety or inflammatory pain management. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39322049/ |
| 13 | 2024 | Inhibitory effects of selected cannabinoids against dipeptidyl peptidase IV, an enzyme linked to type 2 diabetes. | The study evaluated four cannabinoids—cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabinol, and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol—for their ability to inhibit DPP-IV, an enzyme significant in glucose regulation. Results showed a dose-dependent inhibition with IC(50) values ranging from 4.0 to 6.9 µg/mL. Kinetic analysis suggested a mixed mode of inhibition, while molecular docking and dynamics simulations demonstrated stable complex formation and structural changes in DPP-IV upon cannabinoid binding. These findings suggest that cannabinoids may enhance glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes by modulating DPP-IV activity. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38169946/ |
| 14 | 2024 | Safety study of cannabidiol products in healthy dogs. | The study evaluated the tolerability of various cannabinoids given orally to healthy beagles over a 90-day period with a 14-day recovery. The treatment groups included broad spectrum cannabidiol, broad spectrum cannabidiol with cannabigerol, and broad spectrum cannabidiol with cannabidiolic acid, all dosed at 5 mg total cannabinoids/kg body weight/day. Clinical examinations and monitoring concluded that the cannabinoids were well tolerated with minimal adverse effects, supporting the safety of hemp-derived cannabinoids in dogs. The findings align with post-market surveillance data, which indicated a low incidence of adverse events from hemp-derived supplements administered to dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38496308/ |
| 15 | 2024 | Modeling the liquid-liquid chromatography separation of cannabinoids from hemp extracts. | This study explored an innovative approach to model the separation of cannabinoids using liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC). By simplifying the feed materials to key cannabinoid components (cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, and cannabinol) and employing a specific solvent system (hexane/methanol/water, 10/8/2), the researchers simulated elution profiles and validated their model against experimental results. The findings indicated that the model could accurately describe cannabinoid elution behavior, although refinement of model parameters could enhance prediction accuracy. This work contributes valuable insights for optimizing cannabinoid extraction processes in industrial applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39031845/ |
| 16 | 2024 | Anti-inflammatory effects of phytocannabinoids and terpenes on inflamed Tregs and Th17 cells in vitro. | The study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of phytocannabinoids and terpenes on activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors. Treatment with various cannabinoids and terpenes led to a significant reduction in the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, TNF) and activation markers. Notable results included the findings that THC reduced T cell activation and cytokine secretion, while CBD suppressed the activation of both regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. These findings support the potential therapeutic applications of CBD and THC in managing inflammatory conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39208564/ |
| 17 | 2024 | Spent Material Extractives from Hemp Hydrodistillation as an Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Cannabinoids. | The study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of various extracts derived from post-distillation by-products of hemp flowers, comparing them to essential oils and total extracts from unprocessed flowers. It identified a diverse range of terpenes within the extracts and highlighted the presence of significant cannabinoid concentrations, with CBD being the most prominent. The antimicrobial tests revealed that both the cannabinoid-containing extracts and specific cannabinoids exhibited considerable inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, and Trichophyton species. This suggests potential applications of these extracts in functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals for their antimicrobial benefits. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38927152/ |
| 18 | 2024 | Cannabigerol and Cannabicyclol Block SARS-CoV-2 Cell Fusion. | The study evaluated the antiviral effects of selected cannabinoids, including cannabigerol and cannabicyclol, against SARS-CoV-2. Both cannabinoids were found to reduce cell viability at CC(50) levels of 40 µM and 38 µM, respectively. They also demonstrated effective inhibition of virus entry at a concentration of 20 µM and significantly reduced titer when preincubated with the virus. Molecular target investigations revealed that these cannabinoids inhibit membrane fusion mediated by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with selectivity indices of 7.4 for cannabigerol and 3.5 for cannabicyclol. Systematic alterations indicated that the side chains of these compounds do not contribute to their anti-fusion activity, highlighting their potential as antiviral agents to complement COVID-19 treatments. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38885660/ |
| 19 | 2024 | Select Minor Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa Are Cannabimimetic and Antinociceptive in a Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain. | The study investigated the effects of five minor cannabinoids—CBN, CBDV, CBG, Delta8-THC, and THCV—on pain relief and cannabimimetic behaviors in male and female CD-1 mice. The findings revealed that CBN, CBG, and high-dose Delta8-THC produced cannabimimetic behaviors in both sexes, while THCV and low-dose Delta8-THC only exhibited these effects in females. However, only CBN demonstrated efficacy in relieving CIPN pain, highlighting its potential therapeutic value and contrasting with previous reports. This research underscores the need for further studies into the pharmacological properties and applications of minor cannabinoids, particularly in the context of the growing use of cannabis for pain management amidst opioid use concerns. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38834356/ |
| 20 | 2024 | Cannabis-Based Phytocannabinoids: Overview, Mechanism of Action, Therapeutic Application, Production, and Affecting Environmental Factors. | This review highlights the mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of various phytocannabinoids, including THC, CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC. It emphasizes the importance of cultivation methods, particularly the advantages of indoor cultivation, which allows for better control over environmental factors—like light, temperature, and humidity—that ultimately influence the cannabinoid profiles and efficacy of the plants. The study calls for enhanced collaboration between the health industry and cannabis cultivators to optimize cannabinoid concentrations for therapeutic effectiveness. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39457041/ |
| 21 | 2024 | Illuminating Cannabis sativa L.: The Power of Light in Enhancing C. sativa Growth and Secondary Metabolite Production. | This study reviews the impact of various light qualities on the growth and metabolic profiles of Cannabis sativa, emphasizing the crucial role that light parameters such as quality, intensity, composition, and photoperiod have on plant development. It highlights how optimizing these light conditions can enhance yield and harvest quality, particularly by increasing the density of apical inflorescences and the ratio of inflorescence to total aboveground biomass. The accumulation of beneficial metabolites, including cannabinoids and terpenes, is closely linked to these light parameters, which can directly influence the medicinal value of the crop. The review underscores a gap in scientific knowledge regarding the specific mechanisms through which different wavelengths affect these processes, suggesting further research in this area is necessary to improve cultivation practices in controlled environments for better commercial outcomes. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409645/ |
| 22 | 2024 | Exploring the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in cancer by modulating signaling pathways and addressing clinical challenges. | The study conducted a comprehensive literature review on the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in cancer treatment. It highlighted their ability to induce apoptosis, stimulate autophagy, arrest cell cycles, inhibit proliferation, prevent angiogenesis, and reduce metastasis. Clinical trials indicated cannabinoids' effectiveness in tumor regression and improvements in palliative care, although challenges like cannabinoid composition variability and regulatory issues need to be addressed. The authors concluded that further large-scale, randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm these findings and develop standardized treatment protocols. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39331301/ |
| 23 | 2024 | CBD oil by-product (Hemp flakes): Evaluation for nutritional composition, heavy metals and functionality as a food ingredient. | The study compared the nutritional and functional compositions of locally sourced hemp flakes to three commercial hemp protein products. The findings revealed that hemp flakes have a similar nutritional composition but offer a unique advantage with significantly higher levels of CBDA. Additionally, the heavy metal content in hemp flakes was within FDA limits, indicating safety for consumption. Overall, hemp flakes demonstrate potential as a valuable functional food ingredient due to their nutrient composition (31.62% protein) and antioxidant properties, comparable to commercial alternatives. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39165951/ |
| 24 | 2024 | Development of Delivery Systems with Prebiotic and Neuroprotective Potential of Industrial-Grade Cannabis sativa L. | The study highlighted the therapeutic potential of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts from the Bialobrzeska Cannabis sativa variety, revealing high concentrations of cannabinoids, notably CBD at 6.675 mg/gD and THC at 0.180 mg/gD. The extracts showed remarkable antioxidant activity and effective inhibition of key neurodegenerative enzymes, suggesting potential applications in treating neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the incorporation of prebiotics like dextran, inulin, and trehalose was found to promote beneficial gut bacteria while retaining antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, indicating a synergistic effect that could enhance gut health and neuroprotection. The findings provide a foundation for future research on the interactions between cannabinoids and gut microbiota, aiming to bolster therapeutic strategies in these domains. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39124978/ |
| 25 | 2024 | Thermo-chemical conversion kinetics of cannabinoid acids in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) using pressurized liquid extraction. | The study explored a novel method that combines thermo-chemical decarboxylation with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) to enhance cannabinoid extraction efficiency from industrial hemp while minimizing degradation. By varying the extraction temperatures (80-160 degrees C) and reaction times (1-90 minutes), the researchers found that the decarboxylation process had pseudo-first order kinetics for CBD and CBG, although minor cannabinoids demonstrated inconsistencies, suggesting that cannabinoid concentration affects the reaction kinetics. This approach highlights the need for further understanding of the variables involved before scaling the process for commercial application. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39080738/ |
| 26 | 2024 | Discrepancies between the stated contents and analytical findings for electronic cigarette liquid products: Identification of the new cannabinoid, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabihexol acetate. | The study analyzed two electronic cigarette liquid products claiming to contain cannabinoids. Through various analytical techniques, the researchers identified several known cannabinoids and terpenes in Product A, including cannabidiol and cannabigerol, while also discovering Delta(9)-THCH-O, marking its first report in commercial products. Product B contained known cannabinoids but not the compounds stated on the label. The findings emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring of cannabinoid products in the market and the unreliability of product labeling. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39039910/ |
| 27 | 2024 | A three-years survey of microbial contaminants in industrial hemp inflorescences from two Italian cultivation sites. | The research evaluated microbial contamination and phytocannabinoid content in seven Italian hemp genotypes cultivated over three years at two locations. Most samples did not meet European Pharmacopoeia microbiological standards. Potential pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella were detected, raising concerns about the safety of using hemp inflorescences. Contamination levels varied by season and site, with climate conditions influencing microbial presence. The study highlighted that higher CBD concentrations correlated with lower microbial loads, suggesting CBD may offer protective benefits. The findings underline the importance of implementing best agricultural practices and monitoring protocols to ensure the safety and quality of hemp-derived products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39020444/ |
| 28 | 2024 | A new HPLC method with multiple detection systems for impurity analysis and discrimination of natural versus synthetic cannabidiol. | The research identified and characterized various impurities present in CBD samples, both natural and synthetic, using advanced analytical techniques such as UHPLC-HRMS and HPLC-UV/Vis. Natural CBD samples demonstrated purities between 97.5% and 99.7%, while synthetic samples were generally pure, although some contained natural-derived impurities. The presence of specific impurities, including cannabidihexol (CBDH) and cannabidiphorol (CBDP), was found to confirm the natural origin of CBD. The study concludes that the developed HPLC method is a valuable tool for detecting impurities in CBD, allowing for clear differentiation of its origin, which is essential for ensuring quality and safety in pharmaceutical applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38940871/ |
| 29 | 2024 | Characterisation of Cannabis-Based Products Marketed for Medical and Non-Medical Use Purchased in Portugal. | The study revealed that many cannabis-based products, including beverages and oils, did not contain the cannabinoids they claimed or had significantly different concentrations than indicated on their labels. Specifically, none of the sampled beverages contained detectable cannabinoids, despite their packaging suggesting otherwise, and many oils had much higher CBD concentrations than reported. These findings emphasize the urgent need for strict regulations and standardized testing to ensure the accuracy and safety of cannabis products, allowing consumers to make informed decisions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38930803/ |
| 30 | 2024 | Single and Combined Effects of Cannabigerol (CBG) and Cannabidiol (CBD) in Mouse Models of Oxaliplatin-Associated Mechanical Sensitivity, Opioid Antinociception, and Naloxone-Precipitated Opioid Withdrawal. | The study investigates the effects of cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD) on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and opioid-related behaviors in male C57BL/6 mice. It was found that CBG could reverse oxaliplatin-induced mechanical sensitivity under specific dosing conditions, while its interaction with CBD was either sub-additive or synergistic. Both CBG and CBD were effective in reducing naloxone-precipitated withdrawal behaviors when administered individually or together. However, CBG also notably attenuated the antinociceptive effects of morphine when used in conjunction with CBD. These findings suggest that CBG may have a role in managing chemotherapy-related neuropathy and opioid withdrawal symptoms, warranting further investigation into the interactive effects of cannabinoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38927352/ |
| 31 | 2024 | Minor Cannabinoids as Inhibitors of Skin Inflammation: Chemical Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. | The study synthesized 11 analogues of minor cannabinoids, specifically focusing on cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabichromene (CBC) with lateral chains of 3 or 4 carbon atoms. Out of these, five analogues demonstrated inhibitory effects on skin inflammation, highlighting the potential of minor phytocannabinoids to provide therapeutic benefits. The findings suggest that these synthesized compounds could be further explored for their applications in treating inflammatory skin conditions and expand the understanding of the cannabinome's biomedical applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38889235/ |
| 32 | 2024 | Assessing effects of Cannabis on various neuropathologies: A systematic review. | This review discusses the pharmacodynamic properties of Cannabis, emphasizing its historical and contemporary uses across diverse cultures for medicinal and recreational purposes. The authors note the increasing acceptance and legalization of cannabis, which has led to greater public exposure to its products. Despite its longstanding use and FDA approvals for certain cannabis-based therapies, knowledge gaps remain regarding the acute and chronic effects of Cannabis on neuropathologies. The study suggests an urgent need for investigating Cannabis as a potential safe and effective treatment for the increasing prevalence of neuropathological conditions, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38876946/ |
| 33 | 2024 | Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD method for the quantification of cannabigerol, cannabidiol, cannabinol and cannabichromene in human plasma and mouse matrices. | The study introduced a reliable HPLC-DAD method for quantifying cannabigerol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, and cannabichromene, demonstrating high linearity and robustness in measurements. The technique shows promise for therapeutic monitoring and could facilitate further pre-clinical and clinical studies on these cannabinoids, potentially leading to new therapeutic applications. Importantly, the findings support the need for more research on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these compounds to ensure their safe and effective use in clinical settings. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38847584/ |
| 34 | 2024 | The Potential of Cannabichromene (CBC) as a Therapeutic Agent. | The study highlights the pharmacological properties and therapeutic areas of cannabichromene (CBC), a less-studied cannabinoid compared to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). While CBC shows promise for various medical applications such as pain relief and seizure management, there is a significant lack of rigorous research on its safety and efficacy. The availability of CBC products in the market without sufficient evidence raises concerns, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits and establish appropriate usage guidelines. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38777605/ |
| 35 | 2024 | Analysis of phytocannabinoids in hemp seeds, sprouts and microgreens. | The research utilized high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze hemp seeds, sprouts, and microgreens from nine different hemp genotypes. It identified significant levels of major phytocannabinoids, including CBDA, CBD, and trans-Delta(9)-THC, demonstrating considerable variability in their presence. The study emphasized the importance of variety in the content of these beneficial compounds and highlighted the enantiomeric composition variability of CBCA, pointing to a need for further investigation into the genetic factors influencing this variability. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38723555/ |
| 36 | 2024 | Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use. | This comprehensive review outlines the diverse pharmacological profiles of phytocannabinoids, focusing on CBD and THC as the most extensively studied compounds. CBD exhibits promising anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anxiolytic properties, while THC is recognized for its analgesic and antiemetic effects. The review emphasizes the importance of the endocannabinoid system in maintaining physiological homeostasis and points to the need for further research to explore the therapeutic applications and mechanisms of phytocannabinoids in medicine. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38673788/ |
| 37 | 2024 | Possible Role of Cannabis in the Management of Neuroinflammation in Patients with Post-COVID Condition. | The study highlights the pathophysiology of post-COVID condition (PCC), characterized by common symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and anxiety, attributed largely to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The review underscores that phytocannabinoids, including CBD, CBG, and THC, possess properties that may mitigate these neuroinflammatory aspects effectively. It suggests that these cannabinoids could serve as potential adjuvants, either alone or in combination with other therapies, to address both acute and long-term effects of PCC. However, the study emphasizes the need for further research to establish clear therapeutic guidelines and effective management strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38612615/ |
| 38 | 2024 | Non-Destructive Near-Infrared Technology for Efficient Cannabinoid Analysis in Cannabis Inflorescences. | The study demonstrates that employing SNV pre-processing techniques enhances the effectiveness of a portable NIR device for accurately quantifying total cannabinoids, particularly total CBD. The results highlight that SNV provides the best predictive performance for total CBD with an RMSEP of 2.228 and R²P of 0.792. Conversely, while raw data exhibited less accuracy for total THC and total CBG, it showed distinct performance characteristics. This research supports the advancement of efficient, non-destructive methods for cannabinoid analysis, crucial for the cannabis industry in cultivation, pharmaceuticals, and regulatory contexts. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38592891/ |
| 39 | 2024 | Host status and susceptibility of Cannabis sativa cultivars to root-knot nematodes. | The study evaluated the root-knot nematode host status of various hemp cultivars used for fiber, dual purposes, and CBD/CBG across different geographical regions. Results showed that none of the cultivars exhibited resistance to root-knot nematodes, with all being good hosts, especially to mixed populations of M. javanica and M. incognita. Although root gall symptoms on hemp were less severe compared to cucumber and tomato, the reproduction rates of the nematodes remained similar. The study found that while no significant impact on hemp shoot growth was observed when nematodes were added to pasteurized soil, a notable detrimental effect was found in heavily infested soils for specific CBG hemp cultivars. This suggests the potential threat root-knot nematodes pose to hemp production in regions with prevalent nematode infestations. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38495934/ |
| 40 | 2024 | Phytochemical Characterization and TRPA1/TRPM8 Modulation Profile of the Cannabigerol-Rich Cannabis sativa L. Chemotype IV. | The research provided a comprehensive analysis of a CBG-rich chemotype IV, isolating well-known cannabinoids such as CBGA/CBG and CBDA/CBD, alongside nine newly characterized phytocannabinoids. These new compounds exhibited unique structural features and were tested for their activity on TRPA1 and TRPM8 channels. Notably, some of these compounds displayed a potent dual action, suggesting therapeutic potential in modulating pain and other sensory pathways. The chiral separation of one compound revealed a synergistic effect between its enantiomers on TRPA1, highlighting the complexity and potential of these newly identified cannabinoids in pharmacological applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38408345/ |
| 41 | 2024 | Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoid Profiles Identified in Cannabis L. Crops in Peru. | The study analyzed the cannabinoid chemotypes of eight cannabis samples from four regions in Peru, highlighting the diverse therapeutic potentials based on their specific chemical profiles. The findings propose that these cannabinoids could aid in managing chronic pain, have antiemetic and anti-inflammatory effects, and be beneficial in treating conditions such as refractory epilepsy, addiction, and certain cancers, among others. The research underscores the importance of characterizing local cannabis cultivars to optimize their medicinal uses and supports the ongoing conversation regarding the legal commercialization of cannabis for medical purposes in Peru. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38397908/ |
| 42 | 2024 | Dual cytoplasmic-peroxisomal compartmentalization engineering and multiple metabolic engineering strategies for high yield non-psychoactive cannabinoid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | The study successfully developed an engineered yeast cell factory for the production of cannabigerol (CBG) by introducing the CBGA biosynthetic pathway into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several strategies were implemented to enhance CBGA production, including inhibiting competitive metabolic pathways, utilizing dual compartmentalization, and optimizing key metabolic pools. The results indicated that utilizing yeast for cannabinoid production can significantly increase yields, which may lead to more efficient and sustainable methods for producing cannabinoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38375558/ |
| 43 | 2024 | A systematic review of analytical methodologies capable of analysing phytocannabinoids in cosmetics. | The study systematically reviewed various analytical techniques used to assess phytocannabinoids in cosmetics, focusing on studies from January 2010 to December 2022. It concluded that while some methods demonstrated satisfactory recoveries, there was no single method that effectively quantified a combination of high CBD levels and low THC levels, nor could they reliably measure phytocannabinoid acids. This limitation raises concerns regarding the safety and regulatory compliance of cosmetic products containing CBD and THC, emphasizing the need for improved testing methods. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38229238/ |
| 44 | 2024 | Validation and Quantitation of Fifteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Marketed Products Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet/Photodiode Array Method. | The study established a validated analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of 15 cannabinoids found in Cannabis sativa and cannabis-derived products. The method demonstrated excellent linearity, sensitivity, and accuracy, with limits of detection ranging from 0.2 to 1.6 µg/mL and quantification limits from 0.6 to 4.8 µg/mL. Recovery rates for cannabinoids were satisfactory (81% to 104%), indicating reliable analytical performance. These findings suggest that the developed method is suitable for standardizing cannabinoid content in cannabis-based products, which is essential for ensuring product safety and efficacy. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37797227/ |
| 45 | 2024 | Cannabigerol (CBG) signal enhancement in its analysis by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. | The research investigates the low analytical sensitivity of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in measuring CBG levels compared to other cannabinoids. It establishes that derivatization techniques, particularly cyclization to form pyranic CBG, can substantially enhance the sensitivity and detection limits of CBG analysis. The study contributes new NMR and MS spectral data for CBG derivatives, offering potential improvements in forensic applications for detecting recent cannabis use through blood analysis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37755669/ |
| 46 | 2024 | Selective Cytotoxicity of Medical Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) Extracts Across the Whole Vegetation Cycle Under Various Hydroponic and Nutritional Treatments. | The study investigated the cytotoxic effects of cannabis extracts on human colorectal cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HT-29) and a normal epithelial cell line (CCD 841 CoN). It established that phytocannabinoids, particularly THCA, exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the HT-29 cancer cell line while sparing healthier cells. The research highlighted that the cytotoxic effect varied with the plant's developmental stage and nutrient conditions, indicating that optimization of growth conditions could enhance therapeutic efficacy. The findings suggest potential therapeutic value of THCA-dominant cannabis extracts for cancer treatment. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36459627/ |
| 47 | 2023 | Non-thermal plasma improved callogenesis performance and elicited the production of cannabinoids by modifying DNA methylome, expression of WRKY1 and ERF1B transcription factors, and expression of genes that contributed to the biosynthesis of cannabinoids. | The study demonstrated that cold plasma treatment improved callogenesis performance and biomass by an average of 46.6%. Molecular analysis revealed that the treatment epigenetically affected the cannabis DNA methylome and upregulated key transcription factors (WRKY1 and ERF1B) as well as genes associated with cannabinoid biosynthesis (OLS, OAC, CBGAS, CBDAS, THCAS). HPLC assessments confirmed increased production of cannabinoids such as Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). Additionally, plasma treatment led to higher concentrations of proteins, proline, and soluble phenols while enhancing enzyme activities involved in metabolic processes. These findings suggest that cold plasma can be a potent method for enhancing cannabinoid production in cannabis cultivation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35503387/ |
| 48 | 2023 | Development and validation of a fit-for-purpose UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantitation of cannabinoids in different matrices. | The research focused on the toxicological mechanisms, oromucosal absorption, and metabolite identification of various cannabinoids (CBDV, CBG, CBD, CBN, CBC) using in vitro models. Utilizing matrices such as William's E medium and C. elegans habitation medium, the study established a robust UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method that demonstrated excellent linearity, precision, and recovery for cannabinoid quantitation, facilitating potential large-scale analyses. This method enhances the analysis of cannabinoids and their effects in biological systems, contributing to a better understanding of their pharmacological profiles and safety. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36854205/ |
| 49 | 2023 | Quantification of 7 cannabinoids in cannabis oil using GC-MS: Method development, validation and application to therapeutic preparations in Friuli Venezia Giulia region, Italy. | The study presents a novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of seven cannabinoids in therapeutic cannabis preparations. This method allows for effective sample preparation with only 10 µL of cannabis oil, ensuring robust and reliable results with sensitivity and specificity that meet validation guidelines. The ability to quantify cannabinoids accurately is vital for ensuring the quality and efficacy of cannabis products dispensed to patients, particularly as their use becomes more widespread. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37151683/ |
| 50 | 2023 | Determination of cannabinoids in human cerumen samples by use of UPLC-MS/MS as a potential biomarker for drug use. | This study validated an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for quantifying cannabinoids in cerumen, revealing that Delta(9)-THC can be detected in earwax for up to 15 days after smoking marijuana. The method demonstrated high precision and recovery rates, allowing for analysis of real cerumen samples from cannabis users, with significant differences in earwax production between cannabis users and non-users (p = 0.048). Despite no notable differences in earwax production based on age, frequency of use, or timing of last use, the concentrations of cannabinoids in cerumen were significantly affected by these factors. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37087774/ |
| 51 | 2023 | Synthetic Pathways to Non-Psychotropic Phytocannabinoids as Promising Molecules to Develop Novel Antibiotics: A Review. | The study highlights the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents due to the rise of multi-drug resistant pathogens. It established that phytocannabinoids, particularly CBG, CBD, and CBC from Cannabis sativa, possess significant antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA and other resistant strains. The non-psychotropic CBG showed remarkable efficacy in not only inhibiting biofilm formation but also in eradicating existing biofilms and persistent bacterial cells. This positions these cannabinoids as potential candidates for novel antibiotic development, warranting further research on synthetic production methods to obtain sufficient quantities for advanced studies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514074/ |
| 52 | 2023 | Safety assessment and redox status in rats after chronic exposure to cannabidiol and cannabigerol. | This study evaluates the safety and effects of CBD and CBG on redox status in rats over a 90-day period. CBD was found to have no adverse effects on blood parameters or histology but showed a significant improvement in redox status, reducing malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins. In contrast, CBG treatment led to increased oxidative stress and signs of hepatotoxicity, including alterations in blood counts and biochemical parameters. These findings suggest that while CBD may offer protective benefits, CBG could have detrimental effects, highlighting the need for cautious evaluation of non-psychotropic cannabinoids in therapeutic applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36796712/ |
| 53 | 2023 | Concentration-Dependent Attenuation of Pro-Fibrotic Responses after Cannabigerol Exposure in Primary Rat Hepatocytes Cultured in Palmitate and Fructose Media. | This study demonstrated that incubating primary hepatocytes from male Wistar rats with low concentrations of CBG (1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 30 microM) led to a decrease in both mRNA expression and secretion of TGF-beta1, a critical factor in ECM production and fibrosis development. Additionally, CBG treatment reduced collagen 1 and 3 deposition while increasing the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), suggesting a potential mechanism for fibrosis regression. The findings imply that CBG might serve as a therapeutic agent for liver fibrosis by promoting ECM turnover and hepatocyte regeneration. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37759466/ |
| 54 | 2023 | Cannabigerol Activates Cytoskeletal Remodeling via Wnt/PCP in NSC-34: An In Vitro Transcriptional Study. | The study investigated the effects of CBG on NSC-34 motor neuron-like cells, revealing significant molecular pathways activated by CBG treatment. Specifically, CBG at a concentration of 10 microM led to the activation of pathways crucial for cellular structure and function, suggesting potential therapeutic roles for CBG in neurodegenerative conditions by promoting neuronal health and connectivity. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36616322/ |
| 55 | 2023 | The minor cannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) is a highly specific blood biomarker of recent cannabis smoking. | The study investigated the utility of cannabigerol as a biomarker for recent cannabis use, specifically in differentiating between recent and past usage. It found that none of the occasional users had detectable levels of cannabigerol before smoking, while 29% had detectable levels post-smoking. Among daily users, 6% had detectable cannabigerol at baseline, which increased to 66% after smoking. The study highlighted that a cannabigerol concentration of ≥ 0.2 microg/L is associated with a significant increase in the odds of recent cannabis smoking, with an odds ratio of 27. The study concluded that, while cannabigerol presents a specific measurement for recent smoking, its low sensitivity limits its applicability in all cases. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36939145/ |
| 56 | 2023 | Isolation of Biologically Active Compounds from Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences by Using Different Extraction Solvents and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity. | This study assessed the efficiency of different solvents—deionized water, 70% methanol, and 2% Triton X-100—in extracting phytochemicals from hemp inflorescences. The results indicated that methanol yielded higher levels of total flavonoids, phenolic acids, and radical scavenging activity compared to the other solvents. In contrast, Triton X-100 demonstrated a significant enhancement in total polyphenolic content. Additionally, six cannabinoids were identified in the extracts, with CBD being the most prevalent. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity, particularly the methanolic extracts, which had larger inhibition zones against tested microorganisms. The study suggests the potential for using hemp extracts in industries where toxic solvents are undesirable. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37237864/ |
| 57 | 2023 | The Antibacterial Effect of Cannabigerol toward Streptococcus mutans Is Influenced by the Autoinducers 21-CSP and AI-2. | This study demonstrates that the anti-bacterial effectiveness of CBG against Streptococcus mutans varies depending on the bacterial strains' quorum sensing (QS) systems, specifically the ComCDE and LuxS pathways. S. mutans strains lacking the ComCDE QS system exhibited increased sensitivity to CBG, and the addition of specific autoinducers (CSP and DPD) altered the bacteria's susceptibility to CBG and influenced gene expression related to QS. The findings suggest that manipulating QS systems could enhance the effectiveness of CBG in targeting S. mutans, highlighting its potential as an anti-QS agent for oral health. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36979647/ |
| 58 | 2023 | Effect of Broad-Spectrum Hemp Extract on Neurobehavioral Activity on the Immobilization Stress-Induced Model in Sprague Dawley Rats. | The study evaluated the anxiolytic properties of a broad-spectrum hemp extract (administered at 28 mg/kg.bw) compared to Ashwagandha root extract (300 mg/kg.bw). Both treatments resulted in decreased levels of lipid peroxidation, 2-AG, and FAAH, along with increased levels of catalase and glutathione, indicating a reduction in oxidative stress. Behavioral improvements were observed in both groups, suggesting that broad-spectrum hemp extract can be a viable intervention for managing stress and anxiety. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37332853/ |
| 59 | 2023 | Determination of 11 Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. by Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). | The study utilized liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) to analyze eleven major cannabinoids from different tissues (bracts, buds, leaves) of drug-type and fiber-type cannabis plants. It was found that THCA was predominantly present in drug-type cannabis, particularly in bracts and buds, while CBD and its acid precursor (CBDA) were higher in fiber-type cannabis. Overall, the study highlights the tissue-specific distribution of cannabinoids which may influence their therapeutic applications and the characteristics of cannabis products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37005243/ |
| 60 | 2023 | Twice-daily oral administration of a cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid-rich hemp extract was well tolerated in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica) and has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. | The study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of various cannabinoids in orange-winged Amazon parrots after administering a hemp extract rich in cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) through both single and multiple oral doses. The results showed a mean maximum concentration (Cmax) for cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid of 337.4 ng/mL and 602.1 ng/mL, respectively, with peak plasma concentrations occurring approximately 30 minutes post-administration and terminal half-lives of 8.6 hours and 6.29 hours. Importantly, no adverse effects were noted during the multiple-dose administration, suggesting safety in this avian species. The findings imply that cannabinoid metabolism in parrots may differ from that of mammals, and the established plasma concentrations could be therapeutically relevant, similar to dosages used in dogs with osteoarthritis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36795552/ |
| 61 | 2023 | Inhibitory effects of selected cannabinoids against dipeptidyl peptidase IV, an enzyme linked to type 2 diabetes. | The study evaluated the inhibitory effects of four cannabinoids on human DPP-IV, an enzyme important for glucose regulation. All cannabinoids showed a dose-dependent inhibition with IC(50) values ranging from 4.0 to 6.9 µg/mL. Kinetic analysis revealed a mixed inhibition mode, and structural studies indicated that cannabinoid binding leads to significant conformational changes in DPP-IV. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations suggested that these cannabinoids might act at both active and allosteric sites, enhancing their potential as therapeutic agents for managing type 2 diabetes through modulation of DPP-IV activity. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38169946/ |
| 62 | 2023 | Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol Exert Antimicrobial Activity without Compromising Skin Microbiota. | The study investigates the antimicrobial properties of CBD and CBG, revealing that both cannabinoids can inhibit bacterial growth and disrupt biofilms at concentrations below their minimum inhibitory concentrations. Specifically, the researchers identified minimum inhibitory and lethal concentrations for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli ranging from 400 to 3180 microM, with CBG exhibiting stronger activity than CBD in preventing the adhesion of Staphylococci to keratinocytes. The findings suggest that these cannabinoids may serve as effective preservative agents in cosmetics, meeting antimicrobial effectiveness standards without adversely affecting skin microbiota. The results advocate for further exploration of phytocannabinoids as potential therapeutic candidates for skin conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36768709/ |
| 63 | 2023 | Cannabidiol and Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Preliminary Study to Assess Their Anti-Melanoma, Anti-Melanogenic, and Anti-Tyrosinase Properties. | The study found that among the tested phytocannabinoids, only A375 melanoma cells were highly responsive to treatment with CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC, demonstrating IC(50) values between 12.02 and 25.13 µg/mL. CBD, CBG, and CBN significantly reduced both extracellular and intracellular melanin content in alpha-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells at a dosage of 5 µg/mL. Although CBN inhibited mushroom and murine tyrosinase (50-200 µg/mL), CBG and CBC only affected mushroom tyrosinase. CBD showed minimal activity in this regard. The findings suggest that the reduction in melanin production in treated cells may occur through mechanisms independent of tyrosinase inhibition. These results imply that minor phytocannabinoids like CBG and CBN, alongside CBD, could be developed into effective cosmeceutical products targeting skin pigmentation disorders. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37242431/ |
| 64 | 2023 | Impact of Chitosan-Based Foliar Application on the Phytochemical Content and the Antioxidant Activity in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Inflorescences. | The study assessed the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of the Codimono hemp cultivar grown in southern Italy, finding cannabinoids to be the most abundant class, mainly consisting of cannabidiol. The application of chitosan at concentrations of 50 mg/L and 250 mg/L significantly enhanced various phytochemicals, including flavonoids and tocopherols, and improved antioxidant activity. The results suggest that using chitosan can effectively increase the health benefits and economic value of hemp inflorescences, promoting their use across multiple industries, including food and pharmaceuticals. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960049/ |
| 65 | 2023 | Determining Antioxidant Activity of Cannabis Leaves Extracts from Different Varieties-Unveiling Nature's Treasure Trove. | The study investigated the antioxidant properties of hemp leaves from various cultivars and demonstrated that different extraction methods and solvents significantly influence the extraction efficiency of beneficial compounds. The research found that ultrasound-assisted extraction with methanol provided the best results, yielding high levels of CBD and other cannabinoids, which contribute to the antioxidant activity of the extracts. This suggests that utilizing cannabis leaves, commonly discarded, can be a viable and cost-effective source of antioxidants, highlighting their potential health benefits and applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37507928/ |
| 66 | 2023 | Characterization of aerosols from hemp-derived pre-roll joints. | The study characterized the aerosol emissions from hemp pre-rolls enriched with cannabigerol (CBG). It identified and quantified three phytocannabinoids: CBG at an average of 19.4 mg, cannabichromene (CBC) at 0.48 mg, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) at 0.40 mg per pre-roll. Additionally, five terpenes were detected and characterized, with total terpene concentrations ranging from 27.7 to 352.7 micrograms per pre-roll. The findings highlight the particular concentrations of cannabinoids and terpenes that are potentially inhaled when consuming these products and provide a foundation for further studies assessing health implications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37159420/ |
| 67 | 2023 | Evaluation of the Modulatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids and Terpenes on Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Discrimination in Rats. | In this study, the interoceptive effects of D9-THC were evaluated in male and female rats trained to discriminate D9-THC from a vehicle. Various cannabinoids and terpenes were administered prior to sessions, but none effectively reduced the percentage of D9-THC responding below 50%. While some compounds, including THCV, CBC, CBDa, and beta-caryophyllene, decreased response rates when combined with D9-THC, the overall conclusion indicates these compounds do not significantly impact D9-THC's psychoactive effects, implying their limited potential as mitigators of D9-THC effects in human users. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37721992/ |
| 68 | 2023 | Evaluating Potential Anxiolytic Effects of Minor Cannabinoids and Terpenes After Acute and Chronic Oral Administration in Rats. | The study investigated the anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of selected minor cannabinoids and terpenes on male Sprague Dawley rats. In Experiment 1, acute administration of bisabolol and D-limonene was linked to increased food consumption and decreased anxiety-related behavior in the novelty-induced hypophagia test, indicating potential anxiolytic properties. D8-THC, however, was associated with anxiogenic effects, specifically in the marble burying test. Experiment 2 focused on chronic administration, where only D8-THC continued to demonstrate anxiogenic effects during the novelty-induced hypophagia test. Other cannabinoids and terpenes did not show significant anxiolytic or anxiogenic activity throughout the tests. The findings suggest that while certain minor cannabinoids and terpenes may hold therapeutic potential for anxiety, D8-THC could exacerbate anxiety under some conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37721993/ |
| 69 | 2023 | Impact of converging sociocultural and substance-related trends on US autism rates: combined geospatiotemporal and causal inferential analysis. | The longitudinal epidemiological study utilized national autism census data and drug exposure datasets to analyze the relationship between cannabis use and autism spectrum disorder rates in the U.S. from 1994 to 2011. After adjustment for various factors, daily cannabis use was strongly associated with increased autism rates (beta estimate = 4.37, P < 2.2 x 10(-16)). Additionally, exposure to cannabis in the first trimester of pregnancy also correlated with rising autism rates. The study found significant correlations at both national and state levels, indicating that the association between cannabis use (including specific cannabinoids like Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabigerol) and autism persists even when controlling for other major variables. High E-values suggest a robust causal inference. The implications of these findings indicate a potential public health concern regarding cannabis use and its implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35779123/ |
| 70 | 2023 | Beyond CBD: Inhibitory effects of lesser studied phytocannabinoids on human voltage-gated sodium channels. | The study explored the effects of several phytocannabinoids on human voltage-gated sodium channels associated with epilepsy. It was determined that both CBD and CBGA exerted significant inhibitory effects on peak currents across multiple sodium channel subtypes in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, other compounds like CBG, CBCA, and CBC showed only modest inhibition. Furthermore, CBDVA specifically inhibited Na(V)1.6, providing potential insights into targeted treatment strategies for intractable epilepsies like Dravet syndrome. These findings suggest that while CBD is effective against a broad range of sodium channels, CBDVA may provide a more selective therapeutic approach. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36891145/ |
| 71 | 2023 | Spray-Dried Powder Containing Cannabigerol: A New Extemporaneous Emulgel for Topical Administration. | This study identified 11 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) genes in the hemp genome and explored their role in the regulation of cannabinoid synthesis, specifically CBD and CBG. Using bioinformatics and real-time quantitative PCR, researchers found that the expression of cannabinoid synthesis genes varied during different stages of inflorescence development and was correlated with histone acetylation levels. Treatment with the HAT inhibitor PU139 resulted in a significant reduction (10% to 55%) in CBD and CBG content, suggesting that HATs play a critical role in regulating cannabinoid biosynthesis in hemp. This research opens up new avenues for enhancing cannabinoid production through targeted manipulation of histone acetylation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36782242/ |
| 72 | 2023 | Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Fracture Healing. | The research demonstrated that a new spray-dried CBG emulgel formulation has comparable chemical-physical and technological characteristics to initial emulgels when reconstituted with water. Through various analyses, it was established that the spray-drying process did not alter CBG's chemical properties. This formulation shows promise for effective localized treatment of dermatological conditions such as acne and psoriasis, leveraging CBG's similar properties to CBD in providing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38140088/ |
| 73 | 2023 | Chronic Cannabigerol as an Effective Therapeutic for Cisplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain. | The study investigated the efficacy of CBD and THC in managing chronic pain conditions. Participants were randomized into either a treatment group receiving a combination of CBD and THC or a placebo group. Results showed that those receiving the cannabinoid treatment reported a statistically significant reduction in pain levels and improved quality of life measures. This suggests that cannabinoid-based therapies may be a viable option for chronic pain management, warranting further research and potential clinical applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37975545/ |
| 74 | 2023 | How Does CBG Administration Affect Sphingolipid Deposition in the Liver of Insulin-Resistant Rats? | The study investigated the analgesic effects of chronic CBG treatment in mice suffering from CIPN, a condition known for causing long-lasting neuropathic pain. Over 7 and 14 days of daily CBG administration, both male and female mice showed a significant reduction in mechanical hypersensitivity, achieving pain sensitivity decreases of 60-70% of baseline levels (p < 0.001). Importantly, CBG was effective without the development of tolerance, and it did not lead to weight changes or adverse effects in the subjects. The findings propose CBG as a viable candidate for developing long-lasting neuropathic pain therapies that work effectively in both sexes. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37895913/ |
| 75 | 2023 | A forensic application of genetic markers for distinction between drug-type and fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. | The study investigated the effects of cannabigerol (CBG) on sphingolipid metabolism in a rat model of insulin resistance induced by a high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Results indicated that CBG administration did not significantly alter de novo ceramide synthesis but led to increased expression of enzymes responsible for ceramide breakdown, as indicated by changes in various sphingolipid concentrations in the liver and plasma. These findings imply that CBG may offer a therapeutic strategy for managing metabolic disorders related to insulin resistance by modulating sphingolipid metabolism. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37892425/ |
| 76 | 2023 | Computational Study on the Enzyme-Ligand Relationship between Cannabis Phytochemicals and Human Acetylcholinesterase: Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. | This research evaluated genetic markers for THCAS to distinguish between different cannabis chemotypes using 14 certified hemp varieties and 40 forensic casework samples. The results showed that, despite the differences in cannabinoid composition, the PCR-based markers did not reliably differentiate the chemotypes. However, THCAS sequencing revealed a high genetic similarity among hemp varieties, with confiscated samples showing clear relationships to drug-type accessions, even though no distinct separation among the various chemotypes was established. Notably, 26 amino acid substitutions in THCAS were identified that differentiate hemp varieties from other tested samples. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37863007/ |
| 77 | 2023 | Validation and Quantitation of Fifteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Marketed Products Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet/Photodiode Array Method. | This study utilized advanced computational methods to explore the interactions between nine active cannabis components and the human acetylcholinesterase enzyme, important in Alzheimer's disease. The results highlighted that cannabichromene and cannabigerol could act as potential therapeutic agents due to their binding properties, specifically targeting the peripheral anionic site and acyl-binding pocket of the enzyme. These insights may inform the development of more effective cannabis-based treatments for Alzheimer's disease, although further validation through research is necessary. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37815196/ |
| 78 | 2023 | Cannabigerol (CBG) signal enhancement in its analysis by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. | The study established a sensitive and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/photodiode array method to analyze 15 different cannabinoids, demonstrating excellent linearity, sensitivity, and precision. The methodology showed effective baseline separation with low limits of detection and quantification. This novel analytical approach can significantly aid in the quality control and standardization of cannabis products, ensuring accurate cannabinoid profiling for both clinical and commercial applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37797227/ |
| 79 | 2023 | Enhanced production of select phytocannabinoids in medical Cannabis cultivars using microbial consortia. | This study addresses the analytical sensitivity of cannabigerol (CBG) detection in blood and body fluids, which is significantly lower compared to other cannabinoids. Through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, the study validated various derivatives of CBG and identified that derivatization methods, especially cyclization to pyranic CBG, can substantially enhance detection sensitivity. The findings indicate that, while derivatization improves CBG detection, cyclization offers the most significant response increase, thereby providing a practical methodology for estimating CBG in forensic analyses. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37755669/ |
| 80 | 2023 | A machine learning approach for understanding the metabolomics response of children with autism spectrum disorder to medical cannabis treatment. | This study explored the root microbiome of Cannabis sativa cultivars to determine the effects of microbial inoculants on plant growth and phytocannabinoid production. A greenhouse trial utilized Illumina MiSeq metabarcoding to analyze the microbiomes of five cannabis cultivars with varied THC and CBD profiles. Results indicated that the application of R. irregularis and microbial suspension resulted in higher biomass production and blossom dry weight, particularly in cultivar THE. Furthermore, the inoculants influenced the concentrations of major phytocannabinoids like CBD, CBG, and CBDV, with significant variations observed across cultivars. This highlights the potential for using microbial inoculants to optimize cannabis cultivation and enhance the production of therapeutic phytocannabinoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37719209/ |
| 81 | 2023 | Development and Validation of a Simple, Fast, and Accessible HPLC-UV Method for Cannabinoids Determination in Cannabis sativa L. Extracts and Medicinal Oils. | The study applied machine learning techniques to analyze cannabis-responsive biomarkers from children with ASD who underwent medical cannabis (MC) treatment. It identified distinct biomarkers that differentiate ASD from TD individuals, found that certain novel phytochemicals may enhance the therapeutic effects of MC through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and revealed that THC- and CBD-associated biomarkers represent two distinct groups, with CBG sharing associations with both groups. These findings suggest potential pathways for personalized treatment approaches in children with ASD. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37608004/ |
| 82 | 2023 | Characterization of Some "Hashish" Samples in the Egyptian Illicit Trafficking Market Using a Thermal Separation Probe and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. | The study highlights the need for reliable testing methods for cannabis products in Argentina due to increasing demand and insufficient regulations. A new HPLC-UV method was successfully developed to identify and quantify cannabinoids such as CBDA, CBG, CBD, CBN, Delta9-THC, CBC, and THCA in cannabis resins, inflorescences, and medicinal oils. The method demonstrated strong accuracy with low relative standard deviations (RSD%) for both intraday and interday repeatability (2.34-4.82% and 1.16-3.15%, respectively) and acceptable recovery rates. This rapid and simple technique addresses the growing cannabis industry needs and may be included in the Argentine Pharmacopoeia to support safety and efficacy testing. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37559239/ |
| 83 | 2023 | A study of major cannabinoids via Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory. | The study utilized TSP/GC/MS to analyze the chemical composition of illegal cannabis products in Egypt, revealing a significant presence of both terpenes and cannabinoids. The detection of 23 different terpenes, including high proportions of specific compounds, alongside cannabinoids such as CBD, delta-9-THC, and cannabigerol, suggests a complex interplay of phytochemicals that may affect the pharmacological properties of these products. The phenotypic index calculated helps differentiate between fiber- and drug-type cannabis and provides insights into the potential country of origin, contributing to a better understanding of cannabis use and regulation in the region. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37483228/ |
| 84 | 2023 | Decreased melanoma CSF-1 secretion by Cannabigerol treatment reprograms regulatory myeloid cells and reduces tumor progression. | The research presents a comprehensive analysis of eleven cannabinoids using Raman spectroscopy combined with density functional theory simulations. It reports notable differences in the spectral characteristics of cannabinoid acids versus neutral cannabinoids, with an emphasis on the unique behavior of the -OH stretching region, which indicates potential pathways for decarboxylation reactions. The findings enhance the understanding of cannabinoid molecular behavior, which may have implications for both future research and industry applications, especially in product formulation and quality control. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37473664/ |
| 85 | 2023 | Biosynthesis of cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid: the gateways to further cannabinoid production. | The study demonstrates that treatment with Cannabis extracts, particularly CBG, can alter the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment associated with solid tumors like melanoma. By reducing the secretion of CSF-1 from melanoma cells, CBG impacted regulatory myeloid cells, leading to decreased expansion of monocytic-MDSCs and a shift in the macrophage population. This resulted in improved activation of CD8+ T-cells and reduced tumor progression in treated mice. Additionally, a combination therapy of CBG with alphaPD-L1 showed enhanced effects over each treatment alone, suggesting a promising avenue for improving immune checkpoint blockade strategies in cancer therapy. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37325437/ |
| 86 | 2023 | Effect of Genotype, Year, and Their Interaction on the Accumulation of Bioactive Compounds and the Antioxidant Activity in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Inflorescences. | The research identifies and repurposes an aromatic prenyltransferase (AtaPT) to develop a production system for cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) and cannabigerol (CBG) within E. coli. Through structural analysis and engineering of AtaPT, the study enhances the enzyme's kinetics for efficient CBGA production. The findings open pathways for producing rare cannabinoids sustainably, utilizing microbial systems, which could have significant implications for cannabinoid research and pharmaceutical applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37323510/ |
| 87 | 2023 | Argentination: A Silver Bullet for Cannabinoid Separation by Differential Mobility Spectrometry. | This study assessed the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in six industrial hemp genotypes over three years, revealing that both genotype and cropping year significantly influence these traits. Generally, the year had the greatest impact on phytochemical variability, while dioecious genotypes showed more consistent performance. The Fibrante genotype stood out for its high cannabidiol content, which could enhance its economic significance, whereas the monoecious genotype Santhica 27 displayed the least phytochemical accumulation but had notable levels of cannabigerol. These findings suggest that selecting specific hemp genotypes can optimize phytochemical yields for health and industrial benefits. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37240314/ |
| 88 | 2023 | Novel Synthesis of C-Methylated Phytocannabinoids Bearing Anti-inflammatory Properties. | The research addresses the challenges in quantifying cannabinoids due to their isobaric nature and variable extraction methods. By employing DMS alongside tandem-MS, the study presents a novel approach to differentiate and quantify cannabinoids based on their unique fragmentation patterns when subjected to argentination and collision-induced dissociation. The methodology achieved remarkable accuracy and limits of detection ranging between 10-20 ppb, supporting its potential application in evaluating cannabinoid levels in commercial cannabis extracts. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37224077/ |
| 89 | 2023 | The antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of cannabigerol. | This study highlights the development of novel methylated derivatives of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG), which were found to have enhanced anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. The derivatives showed a significant reduction in cytokine levels when compared to their parent compounds and were as effective as dexamethasone, a well-known anti-inflammatory drug, in inhibiting IL-1beta. These findings suggest that these new derivatives could be promising candidates for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37057997/ |
| 90 | 2023 | Therapeutic Potential of Phytocannabinoid Cannabigerol for Multiple Sclerosis: Modulation of Microglial Activation In Vitro and In Vivo. | The study investigated the antinociceptive effects of cannabigerol (CBG) in comparison to cannabichromene (CBC) and cannabidiol (CBD) using various pain models, including carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and nerve pain in mice. CBG showed significant pain relief in all models tested. The mechanism of CBG's antinociceptive action involves activation and desensitization of the TRPV1 receptor and stimulation of the CB2 receptor, leading to increased release of beta-endorphin. Safety tests indicated no skin irritation or adverse biochemical effects, highlighting CBG's potential for safe transdermal application in pain management. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36916438/ |
| 91 | 2023 | Phytochemical Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Extracts and Study of Their CYP-Mediated Interactions with Coumarinic Oral Anticoagulants. | The study demonstrates that cannabigerol effectively attenuates neuroinflammation by reducing the production of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha in both in vitro microglial cultures and in vivo in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (EAE). This suggests a protective role of cannabigerol against the neuroinflammatory processes involved in MS, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of this disease. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36830745/ |
| 92 | 2023 | The Cannabis Plant as a Complex System: Interrelationships between Cannabinoid Compositions, Morphological, Physiological and Phenological Traits. | The study characterizes cannabis extracts from four different chemotypes and evaluates their potential for herb-drug interactions through CYP-mediated metabolism assessments. It was found that extracts dominated by either CBD or CBG showed a higher inhibitory effect on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 compared to extracts containing both THC and CBD. The inhibition potency of CBD-rich extracts was comparable to that of pure CBD, indicating significant herb-drug interaction potential, particularly with drugs having a narrow therapeutic index, such as coumarinic anticoagulants. This suggests that caution is necessary when using cannabis extracts alongside other medications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36814687/ |
| 93 | 2023 | Rare Phytocannabinoids Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Human Keratinocytes via the Endocannabinoid System and MAPK Signaling Pathway. | The study identified key factors influencing the cannabinoid profile of cannabis plants, establishing that while the ratios of cannabinoids like THC and CBD are consistently stable across genotypes, the absolute quantities can vary greatly. The research suggests that by selectively breeding for vigorous growth rates and specific morphological traits, producers can significantly boost overall cannabinoid yields. A model integrating physiological and phenological traits was developed to predict cannabinoid production more accurately, facilitating the creation of more effective cannabis-based therapeutic products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771577/ |
| 94 | 2023 | Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabigerol in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Cultures Are Partly Mediated by TRPA1. | The study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of rare phytocannabinoids on inflamed human keratinocyte cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results showed that these phytocannabinoids effectively reduced the secretion of several pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-12, IL-31) except TNF-beta, and were involved in modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Specifically, THCV and CBGA influenced the expression of phosphorylated MAPK proteins. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for rare pCBs in treating inflammation-related skin conditions through their ability to alter endocannabinoid and MAPK signaling pathways. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36769042/ |
| 95 | 2023 | Development and Validation of a GC-FID Method for the Quantitation of 20 Different Acidic and Neutral Cannabinoids. | The study demonstrated that cannabigerol (CBG), a minor cannabinoid, has significant anti-inflammatory properties in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CBG was shown to increase intracellular calcium levels in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RASF) in a TRPA1-dependent manner and reduced RASF cell viability, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Additionally, CBG modulated cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) depending on the activation stimulus. While the effects of CBG on PBMCs were partially mediated by TRPA1, the study noted that CBG could serve as a non-psychotropic add-on therapy for RA patients to mitigate inflammation and improve treatment outcomes. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36614296/ |
| 96 | 2023 | Natural vs. artificial cannabinoid oils: the comparison of their antioxidant activities. | The study established a validated gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method that can effectively analyze twenty different cannabinoids, both acidic and neutral, in cannabis samples. The method exhibited high precision with a %RSD of less than 10%, and its trueness ranged from 90% to 107%. The limits of detection and quantitation indicate that the method is capable of identifying low concentrations of cannabinoids, making it applicable for quality control and research purposes. This advancement supports the need for comprehensive cannabinoid profiling as the cannabis market expands following legalization. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36257598/ |
| 97 | 2023 | The unseen cloud: a survey of vaping practices and the acquisition of vaping products within the UK. | The study evaluates the antioxidant properties of various cannabinoid oils, revealing that oils extracted from plants outperform those made from isolated cannabinoids in terms of antioxidant activity. This finding highlights the potential of whole-plant extracts in therapeutic applications, particularly in promoting health and wellness. The study also notes a specific distinction in antioxidant efficacy between the neutral and acidic forms of THC, indicating that the method of preparation substantially influences the bioactivity of these oils. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36164439/ |
| 98 | 2023 | Therapeutic Effects of Non-Euphorigenic Cannabis Extracts in Osteoarthritis. | The study surveyed 2,478 respondents in the UK to assess the prevalence and sources of vaping products, particularly focusing on cannabinoid-based products. Results indicated that while nicotine-based vaping was most prevalent among younger adults aged 25-34 (22.4% for nicotine-based and 19.2% for nicotine-free), cannabinoid-based vaping was most common in the 16-24 age group. Specialist vaping stores were the primary acquisition source for all vaping products, although a significant portion of users reported obtaining nicotine-based and nicotine-free e-liquids through informal sources. The findings suggest a notable increase in cannabinoid-based vaping prevalence, indicating potential safety concerns related to EVALI risks within the UK. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36066433/ |
| 99 | 2023 | Identification of histone acetyltransferase genes responsible for cannabinoid synthesis in hemp. | The study investigated the effects of CBD oil and CBG oil on pain management and disease progression in OA mice. Both oils were effective in restoring gait and locomotor activity, alleviating cold allodynia, and reducing synovitis; however, mechanical allodynia remained unaddressed. Importantly, while CBD oil demonstrated general benefits, only CBG oil provided chondroprotective effects, reducing cartilage degeneration and promoting anabolic chondrocyte activity. This suggests that CBG oil may have unique benefits that warrant further investigation in clinical settings for OA patients. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35994012/ |
| 100 | 2022 | Non-thermal plasma improved callogenesis performance and elicited the production of cannabinoids by modifying DNA methylome, expression of WRKY1 and ERF1B transcription factors, and expression of genes that contributed to the biosynthesis of cannabinoids. | The study demonstrates that cold plasma treatment enhances the callogenesis and biomass of cannabis calli, confirmed by a molecular assessment indicating epigenetic changes related to DNA methylation. Transcription factor genes WRKY1 and ERF1B showed an upregulation of 3.5- and 3.8-fold, respectively. The treatment also stimulated the transcription of genes critical for cannabinoid biosynthesis, leading to increased concentrations of cannabinoids such as cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). Additionally, there were significant increases in soluble sugars, proteins, proline, and phenolic compounds, as well as enhanced activity of certain enzymes like peroxidase and catalase, suggesting that cold plasma can effectively boost cannabinoid synthesis in cannabis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35503387/ |
| 101 | 2022 | Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes. | The study evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of selected cannabis-derived terpenes and cannabinoids by analyzing their effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to various stimulants. Among the cannabinoids tested, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was found to have the most profound impact on immune function, followed by other cannabinoids like cannabidivarin and cannabigerol. In contrast, the evaluated terpenes showed minimal immunological activity, with alpha-pinene being the most effective among them. The findings suggest that cannabinoids, particularly THC, may hold promise for managing inflammation associated with various disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36228902/ |
| 102 | 2022 | In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties. | This study investigated the effects of cannabigerol (CBG) compared to cannabidiol (CBD) on human skin through in vitro experiments and a clinical trial. Gene microarray analysis revealed CBG regulates more genes related to skin health than CBD. Both cannabinoids were found to reduce oxidative stress better than vitamin C and inhibit inflammatory cytokine release more effectively than CBD in certain contexts. In a clinical trial involving 20 subjects, a 0.1% CBG serum showed significant improvements in transepidermal water loss and reduction in skin redness compared to a placebo after two weeks of application following induced irritation. These results suggest CBG has strong potential as a therapeutic agent for skin health, possibly outpacing CBD in specific applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056807/ |
| 103 | 2022 | Phytocannabinoids regulate inflammation in IL-1beta-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. | The study examined the effects of three phytocannabinoids (pCBs) on human gingival fibroblasts under simulated periodontal disease conditions. Cannabidivarin (CBVN) and cannabigerol (CBG) showed agonistic activity on CB2 receptors and effectively reduced the inflammatory responses prompted by IL-1beta stimulation. Notably, CBVN and CBG significantly suppressed the production of key inflammatory cytokines (e.g., INF-γ, TNF-alpha, IL-2) and prostaglandin E2, suggesting that targeting the endocannabinoid system might offer new strategies for treating periodontal disease. Each pCB displayed a unique anti-inflammatory profile, with implications for improving public oral health outcomes. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36070347/ |
| 104 | 2022 | The Cannabis Constituent Cannabigerol Does Not Disrupt Fear Memory Processes or Stress-Induced Anxiety in Mice. | This study investigated the effects of cannabigerol (CBG) on fear memory processes and trauma-induced anxiety in mice. The researchers found that repeated exposure to CBG did not alter long-term conditioned fear observed after 24 days, nor did acute administration affect the acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation, or expression of conditioned fear. Additionally, CBG treatment did not influence anxiety behaviors in a light/dark test. These results suggest that CBG may have limited therapeutic potential in the treatment of PTSD and related anxiety. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34182770/ |
| 105 | 2022 | Efficient Synthesis for Altering Side Chain Length on Cannabinoid Molecules and Their Effects in Chemotherapy and Chemotherapeutic Induced Neuropathic Pain. | The study successfully developed a novel synthesis method for side chain variants of cannabigerol (CBG) using the Wittig reaction, which enabled the investigation of these compounds' therapeutic effects. In an animal model, all generated variants were found to reduce neuropathic pain at a dosage of 10 mg/kg. Additionally, shorter side chain variants, specifically CBGV and CBGB, exhibited enhanced effectiveness in decreasing the viability of colorectal cancer cells, suggesting potential therapeutic implications for both neuropathic pain and cancer treatment. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36551296/ |
| 106 | 2022 | Inhibition of sodium conductance by cannabigerol contributes to a reduction of dorsal root ganglion neuron excitability. | The study demonstrates that cannabigerol (CBG) acts as a state-dependent inhibitor of Na(v) 1.7 channels, with a notable potency (K(I) -K(R): ~2-20 μM) and an average Hill-slope of ~2. At lower concentrations, CBG primarily blocks sodium conductance and slows down recovery from inactivation. Higher concentrations of CBG induce a hyperpolarizing shift in the half-voltage of inactivation. The research indicates that CBG reduces excitability in dorsal root ganglion neurons, suggesting its potential as an analgesic through the selective inhibition of Na(v) 1.7 channels. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35297036/ |
| 107 | 2022 | Light Quality Impacts Vertical Growth Rate, Phytochemical Yield and Cannabinoid Production Efficiency in Cannabis sativa. | This study evaluated the effects of six different light spectra on the growth traits and secondary metabolite profiles of Cannabis sativa. Among the light treatments, high-pressure sodium (HPS) light produced the highest overall inflorescence mass (133.59 g plant(-1)) and THC yield per plant (2.54 g plant(-1)). Blue light, while providing the highest THC concentration, resulted in significantly lower fresh inflorescence mass and overall yield. The findings indicate that light spectrum design is critical for optimizing both growth and cannabinoid production, with inappropriate spectra potentially reducing cannabinoid yields by 20-40%. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36365435/ |
| 108 | 2022 | LC-MS/MS Assay for the Measurement of Cannabidiol Profiling in CBD Oil from Japanese Market and Application for Convertible Tetrahydrocannabinol in Acetic Acid Condition. | The research employed liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to evaluate the quality of CBD oil products available in Japan. A total of five CBD oil samples were analyzed, highlighting the presence of counterfeit products that lacked detectable levels of CBD. Additionally, the study found that under specific conditions (10% acetic acid and 70 degrees Celsius for 6 hours), only a small proportion of THC (approximately 5% and <1.0% in some samples) could be converted from CBD. The implications suggest the necessity for quality control in CBD oil products and the potential risks associated with mislabeled items in the market. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35110438/ |
| 109 | 2022 | Delineating genetic regulation of cannabinoid biosynthesis during female flower development in Cannabis sativa. | This study analyzed the regulation of cannabinoid biosynthesis during the development of female cannabis flowers over a 7-week period. It found that the genes involved in the production of cannabigerol (CBG) could be critical in limiting the overall biosynthesis of cannabinoids. The study also revealed that while cannabinoid synthases CBDAS and THCAS are upregulated in certain cannabis varieties, their upregulation is not essential for cannabinoid production. Additionally, the expression of cannabinoid biosynthetic genes generally increased during flower maturation, aligning with trichome development and cannabinoid accumulation. The research suggests that different cannabis strains may possess unique transcriptional regulation patterns for these genes. Importantly, it was concluded that applying methyl jasmonate (MeJA) biweekly at 100 µM starting from flower initiation could enhance cannabinoid production, providing valuable insights for cannabis breeding efforts aimed at developing varieties with desirable traits. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774623/ |
| 110 | 2022 | Orally administered cannabidiol does not produce false-positive tests for Delta(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol on the Securetec DrugWipe(R) 5S or Drager DrugTest(R) 5000. | In this study involving 17 healthy participants, the effects of various doses of CBD (15 mg, 300 mg, and 1500 mg) on oral fluid THC detection were examined using two different POC testing devices. The study found that none of the participants tested positive for THC after administering CBD, suggesting that the use of CBD does not lead to false-positive results on these tests. This has significant implications for individuals using CBD products, as it indicates a low risk of being falsely accused of driving under the influence of cannabis due to the presence of CBD in their system. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34412166/ |
| 111 | 2022 | Single dose and chronic oral administration of cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid-rich hemp extract in fed and fasted dogs: Physiological effect and pharmacokinetic evaluation. | This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) in dogs, noting a significant difference in absorption rates between the two cannabinoids. After a dosing regimen of 2 mg/kg twice daily for two weeks, the serum concentrations were measured, revealing no adverse events and consistent levels of CBG and CBGA regardless of the dogs being fed or fasted. The findings suggest that CBGA may have greater therapeutic potential due to its superior absorption, and the absence of adverse effects indicates it may be safe for short-term use in companion animals. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35246858/ |
| 112 | 2022 | An Alternative In Vitro Propagation Protocol of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) Presenting Efficient Rooting, for Commercial Production. | The study established an alternative in vitro propagation protocol for Cannabis sativa cultivars aimed at enhancing industrial pharmaceutical use. The findings revealed that rooting traits varied significantly based on the type of vessel and the concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The most effective rooting was observed with a 15 mM IBA aqueous dip for cuttings and a concentration of 2.46 µM IBA in non-vented vessels, yielding the best results for root numbers and lengths. An impressive 95% of the plantlets were successfully acclimatized in field conditions, indicating that this protocol is not only efficient for large-scale propagation but also beneficial for conservation of Cannabis genetic material. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631759/ |
| 113 | 2022 | Development of a validated method for rapid quantification of up to sixteen cannabinoids using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detector with optional electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. | This study presents a validated method for the rapid and accurate quantification of cannabinoids in hemp concentrates using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector. The method resolves critical cannabinoid pairs and allows for a linear calibration range suitable for quantifying individual cannabinoids from 0.1 to 125% (w/w). Among the nine analyzed samples, all contained neutral cannabinoids, with average concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 93.23% (w/w). Two specific hemp concentrates revealed Delta(9)-THC levels of 9.35% and 11.33% (w/w). The method demonstrated high recovery rates for cannabinoids and confirmed specificity using ESI/TOFMS, identifying six untargeted structural isomers of Delta(9)-THC. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35334372/ |
| 114 | 2022 | Acute Cannabigerol Administration Lowers Blood Pressure in Mice. | The study investigated the cardiovascular effects of cannabigerol (CBG) in male C57BL/6J mice, measuring blood pressure changes following acute intraperitoneal injection of CBG at dosages of 3.3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. Results showed a significant reduction in mean blood pressure with the higher dosage (-28 +/- 2 mmHg) compared to the vehicle (-12 +/- 5 mmHg, p = 0.018). The response did not demonstrate dose responsiveness, as the lower dosage also lowered blood pressure (-22 +/- 2 mmHg). Importantly, the blood pressure-lowering effect was inhibited by the alpha2-adrenoreceptor antagonist atipamezole, indicating the involvement of the alpha2AR in mediating this response. These findings suggest that cannabigerol could be a potential therapeutic agent for managing blood pressure. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35615681/ |
| 115 | 2022 | Non-psychotropic cannabinoids as inhibitors of TET1 protein. | The study investigates the potential side effects of non-psychotropic cannabinoids on DNA methylation through their interaction with TET enzymes. It was found that cannabinoids have a strong affinity for Fe(II) ions and can inhibit the activity of the TET1 protein, which is important for DNA methylation processes. While cannabidiol and cannabinol demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, cannabigerol did not affect TET1 activity. These findings suggest that cannabinoids may alter DNA methylation patterns through multiple interaction mechanisms, raising considerations for the safety of cannabinoid-containing products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35462234/ |
| 116 | 2022 | Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆(9)-THC) levels in blood and breath. | The study analyzed blood and exhaled breath samples from multiple subjects and found no clear relationship between ∆(9)-THC concentrations and impairment. Specifically, 16 out of 30 subjects had ∆(9)-THC levels exceeding 5 ng/mL after a 12-hour period of abstinence without any signs of impairment. Correlation was observed between breath and blood levels of ∆(9)-THC (P < 0.0001), supporting the conclusion that these measurements alone are insufficient indicators of impairment. Interestingly, higher baseline ∆(9)-THC levels were linked to shorter durations of impairment, with those experiencing the shortest impairment having fewer signs of nystagmus. Additionally, the presence of transient cannabinoids like cannabigerol and cannabichromene during peak impairment suggests their potential as markers for recent use. Overall, the findings challenge the justification for fixed legal blood concentration limits for ∆(9)-THC concerning impairment. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35585089/ |
| 117 | 2022 | Effects of short-term environmental stresses on the onset of cannabinoid production in young immature flowers of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). | The study investigated the effects of short-term environmental stresses, including mechanical damage, herbivory, heat, and drought, on cannabinoid production in a hemp variety during its early flowering stage. While mechanical damage did not affect cannabinoid levels, herbivore treatment caused significant reductions in CBGA, CBG, and CBD concentrations over time. Heat stress at 45-50°C showed a minor reduction in CBGA and CBG. However, the most notable effect was observed with drought stress, which resulted in a 40% increase in CBG levels and a 70-80% decrease in both CBD and THC. These findings suggest that common environmental stresses can significantly influence the cannabinoid profiles of hemp, particularly in relation to drought conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34980266/ |
| 118 | 2022 | Potency testing of up to twenty cannabinoids by liquid chromatography diode array detector with optional electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | The study introduced a validated liquid chromatography diode array detector (LC-DAD) method for the accurate identification and quantification of cannabinoids, demonstrating significant advancements in specificity and precision. The method was able to analyze various plant samples and detect 20 targeted cannabinoids, including the discovery of seven unknown cannabinoids using ESI/TOFMS. Notably, one sample of Delta(8)-THC fortified hemp flowers contained 5.16% (w/w) of Delta(9)-THC, raising concerns about the public's perception of Delta(8)-THC products. The method met ISO 17025 standards, showcasing reliability for future cannabinoid analysis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35491034/ |
| 119 | 2022 | Cannabigerol (CBG) attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity elicited by chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. | The study evaluated the anti-nociceptive effects of cannabigerol (CBG) in C57BL/6 mice using three pain models. The results indicated that CBG significantly reduced mechanical hypersensitivity associated with cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, as evidenced by the von Frey test. This effect was dependent on the activity of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors, CB(1) receptors, and CB(2) receptors, as indicated by the antagonism observed with specific receptor blockers. Notably, CBG combined with CBD oil (at 10 mg/kg) was found to be more effective than pure CBG (also at 10 mg/kg). However, CBG and CBG:CBD oil did not alleviate pain in other models, such as the formalin test and tail-flick assay, suggesting a specificity for neuropathic pain rather than general anti-nociceptive properties. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35899583/ |
| 120 | 2022 | Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol Inhibit Cholangiocarcinoma Growth In Vitro via Divergent Cell Death Pathways. | The study evaluated the effects of cannabinoids cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) on cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (HuCC-T1 and Mz-ChA-1) and found both cannabinoids to be non-selective anti-proliferative agents. They significantly reduced cell proliferation, enhanced apoptosis, and inhibited cell migration, invasion, and colony formation. CBD primarily promoted autophagic degeneration, while CBG induced apoptosis, showcasing their divergent mechanisms of action. The results suggest that cannabinoids could be potential therapeutic options in treating CCA, a typically lethal disease with limited effective treatments. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35740979/ |
| 121 | 2022 | Socioeconomic, Ethnocultural, Substance- and Cannabinoid-Related Epidemiology of Down Syndrome USA 1986-2016: Combined Geotemporospatial and Causal Inference Investigation. | This observational population-based epidemiological study from 1986 to 2016 examined the relationship between substance use, including cannabis, and Down syndrome rates. The results indicated that DSR increased over time and was notably higher in states where cannabis use was legalized. The models employed demonstrated that cannabinoids had statistically significant associations with DSR, fulfilling criteria for potential causality. While the study ruled out other covariates like ethnicity and income as significant factors, it highlighted concerns about the public health implications of cannabis legalization. The findings suggest a need for further experimental studies to confirm causality and understand the underlying mechanisms. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36293924/ |
| 122 | 2022 | Simulated microgravity contributed to modification of callogenesis performance and secondary metabolite production in CannabisIndica. | This study demonstrated that exposing callus cells of Cannabis indica to simulated microgravity significantly enhances cell growth and the production of pharmaceutically valuable cannabinoids. The treatment resulted in a notable increase in callus biomass and the transcription of key genes involved in cannabinoid biosynthesis. Additionally, the study observed changes in the biochemical profile of the calli, including increases in proline, soluble sugars, and proteins. The findings suggest that microgravity conditions could be effectively harnessed for biotechnological applications in the production of medicinal cannabis compounds. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35849945/ |
| 123 | 2022 | Impact of converging sociocultural and substance-related trends on US autism rates: combined geospatiotemporal and causal inferential analysis. | This longitudinal epidemiological study analyzed national autism census data and drug exposure datasets from 1991 to 2011. It found that both daily cannabis use and exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy were significantly associated with increases in autism rates. At the state level, significant relationships were also observed specifically with Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabigerol. The study concluded that cannabis use has a powerful association with rising autism rates, indicating a potential causal link that persists even after controlling for other influencing factors, with high E-values suggesting strong evidence for causality. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35779123/ |
| 124 | 2022 | Structural analysis of cannabinoids against EGFR-TK leads a novel target against EGFR-driven cell lines. | The study demonstrated that all 11 phytocannabinoids modulated T-type calcium channels (Ca(V) 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3), with cannabigerolic acid showing the highest potency in inhibiting Ca(V) 3.1 and Ca(V) 3.2. It was observed that the phytocannabinoid acids were more effective than their neutral counterparts. The modulation was characterized by a significant hyperpolarizing shift in activation and steady-state inactivation of these channels, with implications suggesting that T-type I(Ca) channels could serve as a common therapeutic target for phytocannabinoids, helping to understand the structural requirements for developing selective T-type I(Ca) modulators. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35342937/ |
| 125 | 2022 | Selective Cytotoxicity of Medical Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) Extracts Across the Whole Vegetation Cycle Under Various Hydroponic and Nutritional Treatments. | The study assessed the impairment effects of hemp-derived Delta(8)-THC in three male frequent cannabis users through self-assessments and physical examinations, including horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN). Results showed that self-assessed impairment peaked within the first hour post-vaporization and returned to baseline by three hours. HGN was observed immediately after vaporization but dissipated within three hours. Cannabinoid kinetics revealed rapid half-lives and similar profiles to Delta(9)-THC, suggesting that Delta(8)-THC could carry the same safety risks often associated with cannabis use. The study highlights the need for standardized testing methods for Delta(8)-THC due to its increasing prevalence in the market. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35799289/ |
| 126 | 2022 | Non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid interactions with voltage-gated sodium channels: An update on cannabidiol and cannabigerol. | The study explored the interaction of cannabinoids (CBD, CBG, CBN) with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through molecular docking simulations. The findings revealed that these cannabinoids bind effectively to the kinase active site of EGFR, resulting in inhibition of kinase activity and consequently reducing cellular survival and promoting apoptosis in EGFR-overexpressing cancer cell lines. This suggests potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids in targeting cancers associated with EGFR overexpression. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36568260/ |
| 127 | 2022 | Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Inflorescences as Novel Food: The Effect of Different Agronomical Practices on Chemical Profile. | The study investigated the cytotoxic effects of cannabis extracts on colorectal cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HT-29) and a normal epithelial cell line (CCD 841 CoN). The extracts were derived from medical cannabis plants cultivated hydroponically and analyzed for their phytocannabinoid content, primarily focusing on THCA, which was the most abundant compound. The findings revealed that the cannabis extracts were cytotoxic to HT-29 cells at lower concentrations compared to other cell lines, with THCA significantly contributing to this cytotoxicity. This suggests the potential therapeutic value of THCA-dominant cannabis extracts in treating colorectal cancer. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36459627/ |
| 128 | 2022 | Pharmacological Aspects and Biological Effects of Cannabigerol and Its Synthetic Derivatives. | The study reviews the interactions of non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG), with voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels. These interactions are significant as Nav channels play a crucial role in the electrical signaling of the nervous system, suggesting that CBD and CBG may offer therapeutic benefits for conditions such as pain through mechanisms independent of traditional cannabinoid receptors. The findings highlight the potential of these compounds in developing new treatment strategies for various ailments. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36439273/ |
| 129 | 2022 | Cannabinol: History, Syntheses, and Biological Profile of the Greatest "Minor" Cannabinoid. | The study analyzed the chemical composition of hemp inflorescences from Ferimon cultivars under various agronomical practices, specifically irrigation and nitrogen supplementation. The results indicated that irrigation was a key factor in increasing cannabinoid content, particularly THC and CBD, with higher yields observed during the period of full female flowering compared to seed maturity. Additionally, nitrogen supplementation was associated with increased levels of specific amino acids (iso-leucine, valine, and threonine). Overall, the rich chemical profile of hemp inflorescences suggests their potential as a novel food, while also highlighting the significant impact of agronomical practices on their nutritional and metabolic characteristics. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36429250/ |
| 130 | 2022 | Phytocannabinoid Compositions from Cannabis Act Synergistically with PARP1 Inhibitor against Ovarian Cancer Cells In Vitro and Affect the Wnt Signaling Pathway. | The study underscores the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of Cannabigerol (CBG), highlighting its role as a partial agonist at the CB1 and CB2 receptors and its ability to interact with various pharmacological targets such as TRP channels and COX enzymes. Pre-clinical evidence suggests that CBG could effectively reduce intraocular pressure and exhibits properties beneficial for neuroprotection, inflammation, and anxiety regulation, suggesting further research into its therapeutic applications could be valuable. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36397993/ |
| 131 | 2022 | Development and Validation of a GC-FID Method for the Quantitation of 20 Different Acidic and Neutral Cannabinoids. | This review highlights the historical neglect of cannabinol (CBN) in favor of major cannabinoids like THC and CBD. It emphasizes CBN's unique bioactive properties and potential therapeutic applications, advocating for its inclusion in future cannabis research for drug development. The review also discusses the advances in CBN synthesis and its relevance in creating new synthetic methodologies, suggesting that a deeper investigation into CBN could yield significant benefits for pharmacology and therapeutic practices. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36365350/ |
| 132 | 2022 | Cannabidiol inhibits microglia activation and mitigates neuronal damage induced by kainate in an in-vitro seizure model. | The study investigated the cytotoxic effects of various cannabis compounds against ovarian cancer (OC) cell lines and discovered that specific fractions from a high THC strain were highly effective in inducing apoptosis in OC cells. The most potent combination identified was THC, CBC, and CBG, which was approximately 50-fold more toxic to OC cells compared to normal keratinocytes. These compounds, particularly in combination with niraparib, altered gene expression related to the Wnt signaling pathway and impacted cellular processes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The combined treatment also showed effectiveness on cells from an OC patient. The findings suggest that these cannabis phytocannabinoids could be promising candidates for further pre-clinical studies and clinical trials aimed at OC treatment. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36364346/ |
| 133 | 2022 | Genetic Evaluation of In Vitro Micropropagated and Regenerated Plants of Cannabis sativa L. Using SSR Molecular Markers. | This study successfully developed and validated a gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method for analyzing a comprehensive range of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa, including both acidic and neutral forms. The method demonstrated high sensitivity and precision, with a limit of quantitation between 0.25 to 0.5 microg/mL and %RSD less than 10%. Importantly, the method was applied to various cannabis chemovars, allowing for a detailed cannabinoid profile that could enhance understanding of cannabis compositions in a legal market post-2018 Farm Bill. This advancement in cannabinoid analysis holds significant implications for quality control, regulatory compliance, and research into the pharmacological effects of different cannabinoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36257598/ |
| 134 | 2022 | State Trends of Cannabis Liberalization as a Causal Driver of Increasing Testicular Cancer Rates across the USA. | This study investigated the effects of cannabinoids on rat organotypic hippocampal slices subjected to kainate-induced neuronal injury, a model for seizures. The results demonstrated that CBD provided dose-dependent neuroprotection against cell death in the CA3 hippocampal subregion, confirmed through various analyses including propidium iodide fluorescence and immunohistochemistry. In contrast, THC was found to worsen hippocampal damage. Furthermore, CBD inhibited the activation of microglia transitioning from the M0 to M1 phenotype, suggesting anti-inflammatory properties, while also promoting a shift towards the M2 phenotype. The findings imply that CBD may offer a therapeutic avenue for protecting against seizure-related neuronal damage, whereas THC may have detrimental effects. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36240948/ |
| 135 | 2022 | Metabolites of Cannabigerol Generated by Human Cytochrome P450s Are Bioactive. | The research employed SSR markers to evaluate the genetic stability of acclimatized micropropagated and regenerated plants from high-CBD and high-CBG Cannabis sativa varieties. The effective in vitro micropropagation protocols utilized various growth regulators during shoot regeneration and rooting, leading to successful plantlet development. The SSR analysis revealed that the amplification patterns were monomorphic across the clones, matching the mother plants, thus confirming that the in vitro culture methods do not induce genetic variability. These findings support the utility of the developed protocols for reliable clonal mass propagation and potential applications in genetic breeding through molecular techniques. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36235433/ |
| 136 | 2022 | Hemp microgreens as an innovative functional food: Variation in the organic acids, amino acids, polyphenols, and cannabinoids composition of six hemp cultivars. | The study analyzed trends in testicular cancer rates (TCRs) across US states in relation to cannabis use, revealing a significant positive correlation between higher cannabis consumption and elevated TCRs. A dose-response relationship was established for several cannabinoids, notably THC, indicating that increased exposure potentially accelerates carcinogenesis. The findings suggest that cannabis liberalization is associated with higher cancer rates, prompting concerns about the implications of cannabis use on public health, especially in states where cannabis laws have been relaxed. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36232059/ |
| 137 | 2022 | Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues by Silica Gel TLC with an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection. | This study comprehensively investigates the metabolism of cannabigerol (CBG) by human cytochrome P450 enzymes, identifying cyclo-CBG as the primary metabolite produced. Various cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP2J2, CYP3A4, and others, are responsible for this rapid conversion, indicating CBG's preferred metabolic pathway. The in vivo studies in mice corroborated these findings, showing cyclo-CBG as the main product of CBG metabolism. Additionally, CBG and its oxidized metabolites demonstrated the ability to reduce inflammation in BV2 microglial cells activated by LPS. The combined results underscore the potential therapeutic benefits of CBG through its metabolic products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36223199/ |
| 138 | 2022 | Use of near-infrared spectroscopy for the classification of medicinal cannabis cultivars and the prediction of their cannabinoid and terpene contents. | The study investigated six cultivars of hemp microgreens for their yield and biochemical composition, focusing on organic acids, amino acids, polyphenols, and phytocannabinoids. Results indicated that the bioactive composition varies significantly by cultivar, with 'Silvana' and 'Finola' showing distinct profiles of amino acids and phytocannabinoids. Notably, 'Finola' had the highest concentration of cannflavins and total polyphenols, while all cultivars demonstrated safe levels of Delta(9)-THC. The findings suggest that hemp microgreens could be a viable source of bioactive compounds, with potential health benefits. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36192985/ |
| 139 | 2022 | Natural vs. artificial cannabinoid oils: the comparison of their antioxidant activities. | This study demonstrated a new analytical method using Ag(I)-ion impregnated silica gel TLC that successfully differentiates between psychoactive THC analogues and non-psychoactive CBD analogues in cannabis extracts. The method achieved a resolution of 4.7, nearly eight times greater than unmodified TLC, and allowed for smartphone-based color analysis that enabled semiquantification of THC with a limit of detection of 11 ng. The new approach was validated against HPLC-UV results, showing a strong correlation (R² = 0.97) and offering advantages such as quick analysis, high throughput, minimal solvent use, and portability. This method could enhance on-site testing capabilities and improve the distinction between high and low THC cannabis varieties. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36178203/ |
| 140 | 2022 | Application of experimental design in HPLC method optimisation for the simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive cannabinoids. | This study aimed to simplify the quantitative analysis of cannabinoids and terpenes by employing FT-NIRS, coupled with multivariate classification and regression models. The PLS-DA model achieved perfect classification of cannabis chemovars (high-THC, high-CBD, hybrid, and high-CBG) and demonstrated a high level of sensitivity for high-THCA chemovars, ensuring low overfitting risk. The PLS-R model produced robust predictive models for cannabinoid and terpene concentrations, with many models displaying excellent predictive capabilities. Overall, the findings indicate that FT-NIRS is a viable method for the efficient and accurate classification of cannabis cultivars and prediction of their chemical profiles. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36165867/ |
| 141 | 2022 | Analysis of Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of 25 High-THC Cannabis Extracts. | The study compares the antioxidant activities of various cannabinoid oils, including those based on Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidiol (CBD), Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and their acidic forms. The results indicate that oils derived from whole plant extracts outperform those created from isolated cannabinoids, especially in the case of THC and THCA, suggesting that the method of extraction plays a crucial role in the efficacy of these oils. This finding implies potential advantages in using full-spectrum products for health benefits related to antioxidant properties. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36164439/ |
| 142 | 2022 | Poly(cannabinoid)s: Hemp-Derived Biocompatible Thermoplastic Polyesters with Inherent Antioxidant Properties. | This study utilized the Design of Experiments (DoE) technique to optimize a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous separation of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. The Central Composite Face-Centered design identified five significant variables, leading to improved chromatographic separation with the application of Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares regression. The optimized method allows for efficient analysis of cannabinoid profiles in various plant extracts, underscoring its potential for both research and quality control in cannabis-related products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36148721/ |
| 143 | 2022 | Regulation of Expression of Cannabinoid CB(2) and Serotonin 5HT(1A) Receptor Complexes by Cannabinoids in Animal Models of Hypoxia and in Oxygen/Glucose-Deprived Neurons. | This study evaluated 25 cannabis extracts rich in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for their efficacy in inhibiting the growth of HCC1806 squamous cell carcinoma cells, achieving growth inhibition rates between 66% to 92%. The anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were assessed in WI38 human lung fibroblasts, revealing that some extracts increased the expression of inflammatory markers COX2 and IL6, while others reduced them significantly. Notably, certain terpenes showed positive correlations with cancer growth inhibition and inflammation modulation, indicating that the entourage effect of cannabinoids and terpenes plays a crucial role in their therapeutic efficacy. The findings underscore the potential of specific cannabis extracts in cancer treatment and inflammatory conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36144796/ |
| 144 | 2022 | Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Misleading Name but a Promising Opportunity for Biomedical Research. | The study synthesized two types of polyesters, Poly(CBD-Adipate) and Poly(CBG-Adipate), using CBD and CBG respectively, with adipoyl chloride. The resultant Poly(CBD-Adipate) was characterized and found to exhibit biocompatibility, showing no cytotoxic effects on stem cells and displaying antioxidant properties compared to conventional poly(lactide) films. Additionally, the material was semi-crystalline and could be molded and processed thermally, suggesting practical applications in bio-based plastic materials. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36112124/ |
| 145 | 2022 | Therapeutic Effects of Non-Euphorigenic Cannabis Extracts in Osteoarthritis. | The study investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the expression and function of the heteromer formed by cannabinoid CB(2) and serotonin 5HT(1A) receptors in animal models of neonatal hypoxia. The results demonstrated that CBD altered the structure of the receptor heteromer, enhancing the interaction between the receptors. Importantly, CBD was found to revert the upregulation of this heteromer caused by oxygen and glucose deprivation, indicating its therapeutic potential in hypoxic-ischemic conditions. Overall, the study supports the use of CBD as a potential treatment for hypoxia in neonates by modulating the expression of CB(2)-5HT(1A)-Hets. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36077095/ |
| 146 | 2022 | Cis-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid occurrence in Cannabis sativa L. | The study categorizes the bioactivity data of minor phytocannabinoids into three stages: discovery, preclinical, and clinical, uncovering a vast array of approximately 150 compounds with potential therapeutic effects. The research emphasizes the challenges in isolating and developing these compounds into mainstream drugs and suggests strategies to enhance their availability for further study. The implications are substantial for drug development, suggesting that minor phytocannabinoids could represent a new frontier in cannabinoid pharmacology deserving of more comprehensive investigation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36008978/ |
| 147 | 2022 | The Origin and Biomedical Relevance of Cannabigerol. | The study examined the effects of non-euphorigenic cannabis extracts, specifically CBD oil and CBG oil, on pain management and disease progression in a mouse model of osteoarthritis. Both treatments positively affected locomotor activity and reduced synovitis, indicating their effectiveness in improving pain and function. However, only CBG oil provided chondroprotection by reducing cartilage degeneration and promoting anabolic chondrocyte activity. This suggests that CBG oil may have superior therapeutic potential compared to CBD oil in managing osteoarthritis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35994012/ |
| 148 | 2022 | Epidemiological association of cannabinoid- and drug- exposures and sociodemographic factors with limb reduction defects across USA 1989-2016: A geotemporospatial study. | This study identifies and characterizes the cis isomer of Delta(9)-THCA and develops a method for its quantification in various Cannabis sativa chemotypes. Notably, cis-Delta(9)-THCA was most concentrated in CBD-rich varieties, while lower levels were detected in cannabigerol (CBG)-rich and balanced CBD/THC varieties. In contrast, it was not detectable in cannabichromene (CBC)-rich varieties. The results may influence how the total amount of THC is calculated to classify cannabis varieties as drug-type or fiber-type (hemp). | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35930832/ |
| 149 | 2022 | Synthetic Strategies for Rare Cannabinoids Derived from Cannabis sativa. | This study highlights the therapeutic potential of Cannabis sativa L., particularly focusing on cannabigerol (CBG). The authors emphasize CBG's diverse pharmacological effects achieved through its interaction with G-protein-coupled receptors. CBG shows promise for treating conditions that require complex pharmacological approaches due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory activities. The study also suggests that CBG's metabolic profile could serve as a biomarker for cannabis use, indicating its potential relevance in clinical applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35887277/ |
| 150 | 2022 | Effects of Rare Phytocannabinoids on the Endocannabinoid System of Human Keratinocytes. | The study analyzed congenital anomaly data alongside cannabis use patterns across the USA, revealing a significant correlation between higher cannabis exposure and increased rates of limb defects in newborns. Specifically, LRR was found to increase from 3.78 to 6.66 per 10,000 live births as exposure quintiles rose, indicating a robust relationship between the two variables. The analysis confirmed that states where cannabis remained illegal exhibited lower LRRs compared to those where it was legalized. Additionally, the international data suggested that 37-63% of affected cases may not survive to birth, further intensifying the significance of the findings regarding the impact of cannabis legalization on congenital outcomes. These results suggest a need for caution regarding cannabis use during pregnancy and have important implications for public health policies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35691647/ |
| 151 | 2022 | Medical Cannabis Activity Against Inflammation: Active Compounds and Modes of Action. | The study developed optimized synthetic methods for producing eight key cannabinoids, allowing for the conversion of olivetol into significant cannabinoids such as CBD and THC, among others. The synthetic routes included regioselective condensation and a [3 + 3] annulation process, which also yielded minor cannabinoids and enabled the production of over 30 cannabinoid compounds through a straightforward synthesis strategy. This advancement in cannabinoid synthesis has implications for the production of cannabinoids for medical and industrial applications, potentially improving accessibility and reducing reliance on natural sources. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35648593/ |
| 152 | 2022 | Cannabidiol exerts anti-proliferative activity via a cannabinoid receptor 2-dependent mechanism in human colorectal cancer cells. | This study utilized human keratinocyte cell lines to investigate the impact of rare phytocannabinoids on the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The findings indicated that these non-psychotropic compounds differentially influenced the expression of ECS components, enhancing CB(1/2) receptor binding and stimulating TRPV1 channels while also increasing the activity of enzymes FAAH and MAGL, which are involved in endocannabinoid metabolism. These results suggest that rare pCBs may offer therapeutic benefits for human skin diseases through ECS modulation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35628241/ |
| 153 | 2022 | Direct Quantitation of Phytocannabinoids by One-Dimensional (1)H qNMR and Two-Dimensional (1)H-(1)H COSY qNMR in Complex Natural Mixtures. | The study reviews the role of cannabis in treating inflammation, highlighting that both pre-clinical and clinical evidence indicates that phytocannabinoids such as THC, CBD, and CBG are effective in modulating immune responses and alleviating inflammatory conditions. The endocannabinoid system is crucial in regulating inflammation, and dysregulation can contribute to chronic inflammatory diseases. Synergistic effects between different phytocannabinoids and other compounds found in cannabis may enhance therapeutic efficacy. The study suggests that future applications of cannabis in medical treatments could involve targeted formulations of active ingredients, potentially used alongside pharmaceutical drugs to amplify anti-inflammatory effects. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35614947/ |
| 154 | 2022 | Vaping Aerosols from Vitamin E Acetate and Tetrahydrocannabinol Oil: Chemistry and Composition. | This study demonstrates that cannabidiol (CBD) significantly reduces the viability of various human colorectal cancer cells, leading to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and apoptosis. The observed effects included downregulation of key cell cycle proteins and upregulation of markers associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress. The mechanism of action is primarily associated with the activation of CB2 receptors, delineating a potential pathway for therapeutic intervention. These findings suggest that CBD and its cannabinoid derivatives could serve as effective agents in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer, warranting further exploration in clinical settings. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35598400/ |
| 155 | 2022 | Multivariate classification of cannabis chemovars based on their terpene and cannabinoid profiles. | This study introduced and validated two novel qNMR methods for the quantitation of ten major phytocannabinoids in cannabis products. The (1)H qNMR method is efficient and does not require reference compounds, but struggles with peak overlap in complex mixtures. The innovative 2D-COSY qNMR method overcomes these limitations, enabling precise measurement of THC and THCA content, which is crucial for determining the legality of cannabis products. The methods were successfully applied across various cannabis sources, including hemp plants, extracts, and infused products, suggesting their potential for broad application in quality control and regulatory compliance. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35566314/ |
| 156 | 2022 | Terpenes and Cannabinoids Yields and Profile from Direct-Seeded and Transplanted CBD-Cannabis sativa. | This study highlights the chemical interactions and degradation processes occurring when vaping THC oil, VEA, and their mixtures at various temperatures. The researchers discovered that both VEA and cannabinoids undergo complex degradation pathways, resulting in the formation of harmful byproducts, particularly at higher temperatures. Notably, THC oil was found to degrade more readily than VEA, and the introduction of VEA reduced aerosol formation from THC oil, yet resulted in increased levels of toxic carbonyls. These findings imply that the use of VEA in vaping products can pose serious health risks due to the potential production of harmful chemicals when heated. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35559605/ |
| 157 | 2022 | Evaluation of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase polymorphisms for distinguishing between marijuana and hemp. | This study utilized partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to create three chemo-based classification models of medicinal cannabis, focusing on high-THC, high-cannabigerol (CBG), and hybrid cultivars. The combined model of cannabinoids and terpenes outperformed others in terms of misclassification error, sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy, revealing the potential to identify bio-indicators for various active compounds. These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive chemical profiling approach in enhancing the classification and labeling of medicinal cannabis, which could benefit breeding programs and reduce mislabeling in the market. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35483556/ |
| 158 | 2022 | In silico discovery of non-psychoactive scaffolds in Cannabis halting SARS-CoV-2 host entry and replication machinery. | The study compared two planting systems for cultivating a high-CBD, low-Delta(9)-THC hemp cultivar, 'Culver,' in central Oregon, revealing that the conventional open, all-female, clonal transplant (OFCT) system yielded higher concentrations of various terpenes and CBD in comparison to the densely seeded dioecious (DDS) system. However, the highest EO yield in the DDS plots came from the chaff, with significant cannabinoid content found in male flowers. Notably, thermal decarboxylation during distillation converted acidic cannabinoids to their non-acidic forms without affecting the total cannabinoid content, indicating that the terpene-free biomass remaining post-extraction holds potential for further cannabinoid extraction or product development. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35436102/ |
| 159 | 2022 | Geospatiotemporal and causal inference study of cannabis and other drugs as risk factors for female breast cancer USA 2003-2017. | The research focused on the genetic inheritance of chemotype in Cannabis sativa and the utilization of a SNP assay to distinguish between hemp and marijuana. The assay demonstrated high accuracy in classifying crop types, although it was not foolproof, with instances of misclassification. The findings suggest that additional genetic or phenotypic factors beyond the THCA synthase gene may influence classification; this has implications for the regulation and labeling of hemp and marijuana products in light of legal changes regarding hemp cultivation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35416290/ |
| 160 | 2022 | Geotemporospatial and causal inferential epidemiological overview and survey of USA cannabis, cannabidiol and cannabinoid genotoxicity expressed in cancer incidence 2003-2017: part 3 - spatiotemporal, multivariable and causal inferential pathfinding and exploratory analyses of prostate and ovarian cancers. | The study screened 29 cannabis phytoligands for their ability to inhibit the viral spike-ACE2 complex and the main protease (M(pro)) of SARS-CoV using in silico modeling. Results identified cannabigerolic acid, cannabigerol, and its methyl ether as the most effective in preventing viral entry, while canniprene and cannabichromene showed promising inhibition of the main protease. The findings suggest that these non-psychoactive cannabinoids could serve as potential therapeutic agents to combat COVID-19 by targeting both viral entry and replication processes. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35399958/ |
| 161 | 2022 | Geotemporospatial and causal inferential epidemiological overview and survey of USA cannabis, cannabidiol and cannabinoid genotoxicity expressed in cancer incidence 2003-2017: part 2 - categorical bivariate analysis and attributable fractions. | The study analyzed the relationship between cannabis exposure and the incidence of breast cancer in the United States from 2003 to 2017 using data from various databases. It found a significant correlation between rising cannabis exposure and increased breast cancer incidence, with particularly strong links to cannabinoids when adjusting for known risk factors. Specifically, cannabis-liberal legal environments showed higher breast cancer incidence rates. The study suggests cannabinoids may act as additional risk factors for breast carcinogenesis, establishing a possible causal relationship needing further investigation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35386387/ |
| 162 | 2022 | Geotemporospatial and causal inferential epidemiological overview and survey of USA cannabis, cannabidiol and cannabinoid genotoxicity expressed in cancer incidence 2003-2017: part 1 - continuous bivariate analysis. | The study conducted pathfinding research to examine the relationship between cannabinoids, specifically THC and cannabidiol, and the incidence of prostate and ovarian cancers. Using age-standardized cancer incidence data and various epidemiological methodologies, the results indicated that both cannabinoids are significant carcinogens, contributing to cancer rates in the reproductive tract. Cannabidiol was particularly noteworthy, demonstrating strong associations with both types of cancer. The findings suggest that cannabinoids may act as community carcinogens, implying not only a risk for current populations but potential transgenerational impacts on germ line genetic material. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35354499/ |
| 163 | 2022 | Will Cannabigerol Trigger Neuroregeneration after a Spinal Cord Injury? An In Vitro Answer from NSC-34 Scratch-Injured Cells Transcriptome. | The study used data from various health and demographic sources to analyze the relationship between cannabinoid exposure (THC and cannabidiol) and the incidence of multiple cancer types from 2001 to 2017. Results indicated significant increases in cancer risk associated with high levels of cannabinoid exposure, with particular cancers (e.g., melanoma, breast, prostate) showing elevated E-Values in comparison to lower exposure groups. For THC, the Rate Ratio (RR) was found to be 2.166, while for cannabidiol it was 1.397. The study concludes that cannabinoids pose notable cancer risks, emphasizing their classification as community carcinogens alongside tobacco. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35354495/ |
| 164 | 2022 | High-Throughput Quantitation of Cannabinoids by Liquid Chromatography Triple-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. | The study conducted an analysis of cancer rates and cannabinoid exposure across the US from 2003 to 2017, examining the relationship between various cannabinoids and the incidence of 28 cancer types. A total of 51,623,922 cancer cases were identified. The findings indicated that cannabidiol is most strongly linked to the incidence of multiple cancers, including prostate, bladder, and breast cancers, while THC showed elevated associations with several malignancies, notably testicular and pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These results indicate a concerning correlation where cannabinoids may act as environmental carcinogens, with implications for both public health and legislative regulation of cannabinoid use. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35354487/ |
| 165 | 2022 | Geotemporospatial and causal inference epidemiological analysis of US survey and overview of cannabis, cannabidiol and cannabinoid genotoxicity in relation to congenital anomalies 2001-2015. | The study explored the effects of Cannabigerol (CBG) on motor neuron regeneration in an in vitro model of spinal cord injury using NSC-34 cells. Results demonstrated that pre-treatment with CBG can modulate oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Post-treatment with CBG significantly influenced regeneration genes and cellular pathways, suggesting mechanisms such as p53 acetylation and Bdnf signaling that promote neuronal repair. These findings highlight CBG as a promising candidate for further research in enhancing recovery post-spinal cord injury. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35215230/ |
| 166 | 2022 | Selective Preparation and High Dynamic-Range Analysis of Cannabinoids in "CBD Oil" and Other Cannabis sativa Preparations. | This study introduced a validated liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry method with an ultraviolet diode array detector for the efficient quantitation of a wide range of cannabinoids, including both major and minor components. The method demonstrated favorable metrics such as linearity, limit of detection, accuracy, and precision. It was successfully applied to analyze the cannabinoid profiles of four distinct Cannabis sativa strains and one low THC strain, emphasizing its utility for both the cannabis industry and pharmacological research. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35164007/ |
| 167 | 2022 | Fragmentation of Cannabinoids by Flow Injection Analysis Tandem Mass Spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS). | The study analyzed data from over 18 million births to examine congenital anomaly rates in relation to substance use, focusing on cannabinoids, tobacco, and alcohol. The research found elevated prevalence ratios for congenital anomalies associated with high substance use, particularly THC and cannabis, and identified specific categories of CAs that were more affected, such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal defects. Importantly, a strong sigmoidal non-linear dose-response relationship was observed for cannabidiol, indicating potential teratogenic effects and the need for caution regarding cannabinoid exposure in the population. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35042455/ |
| 168 | 2022 | Cannabis: Chemistry, extraction and therapeutic applications. | This study addresses the confusion surrounding the chemical composition of various Cannabis sativa products branded under the CBD label. Through the use of advanced separation techniques and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, the researchers were able to isolate and characterize multiple cannabinoids from a commercial "CBD oil." They identified representatives from six different cannabinoid classes and highlighted the importance of understanding the complex mixtures present in these products for biomedical research. The implications suggest that the developed analytical methods can improve the evaluation and standardization of cannabis-derived products, leading to better regulatory practices and safer consumption. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34990123/ |
| 169 | 2022 | Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms. | The study utilized flow injection analysis-tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-ESI-MS/MS) to investigate the fragmentation profiles of eight common cannabinoids. By applying chemometric methods, specifically PLS-DA, the researchers were able to classify various cannabis samples based on their fragmentation data. The findings suggest that this approach can serve as a preliminary tool for analyzing unknown cannabis samples, facilitating more accurate assessments of their chemical composition. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34935936/ |
| 170 | 2022 | Endocannabinoid system and cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: a narrative update. | This study provides a comprehensive overview of the medicinal properties of Cannabis and its bioactive constituents, including phytocannabinoids and terpenes. It discusses their interactions with cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors, revealing significant therapeutic implications for conditions such as epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, it explores different extraction techniques for recovering cannabinoids and presents insights into the legalization of Cannabis-derived products. The findings indicate that Cannabis has a multifaceted role in contemporary medicine, necessitating further research to harness its full therapeutic potential. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34838836/ |
| 171 | 2022 | Inhibition of human recombinant T-type calcium channels by phytocannabinoids in vitro. | This study surveyed 127 U.S. residents who used CBG-predominant cannabis, revealing that most participants used it for medical purposes, particularly for conditions such as anxiety (51.2%), chronic pain (40.9%), depression (33.1%), and insomnia/disturbed sleep (30.7%). A significant majority reported that their conditions were "very much improved" or "much improved" by CBG. Notably, 73.9% of users found CBG-predominant cannabis more effective than traditional medications for chronic pain. The adverse event profile was low, with 44% reporting no adverse effects and 84.3% experiencing no withdrawal symptoms, suggesting a benign safety profile. The findings imply that CBG may be a valuable option for treating various medical conditions and warrant further investigation through randomized controlled trials. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34569849/ |
| 172 | 2022 | Examining impairment and kinetic patterns associated with recent use of hemp-derived Delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol: case studies. | The study outlines the increasing prevalence of cannabis use and the associated emergence of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), which presents with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the biphasic response of cannabis, which includes both proemetic and antiemetic effects. CHS is often confused with cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS) due to overlapping symptoms, highlighting the need for improved diagnostic criteria. The study calls for greater awareness and early recognition of CHS to facilitate prompt treatment and prevent complications, particularly as cannabis use becomes more widespread. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33208685/ |
| 173 | 2021 | Response of essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth, biomass, and cannabinoid profiles to varying fertigation rates. | The study evaluated the effects of synthetic fertilizer rates and irrigation electrical conductivity on five essential oil hemp cultivars. Findings revealed significant variation in plant height and cannabinoid profiles among cultivars, with Cherry Blossom outperforming others and Cherry Wine being the least productive. The use of SPAD meters was validated for identifying nutrient deficiencies. An increase in fertilizer rates beyond 300 ppm nitrogen led to reductions in plant growth, biomass, and cannabinoid concentrations while maintaining compliant THC levels. CBD concentrations were more sensitive to increased fertilizer rates compared to THC and CBG, suggesting that careful management of fertigation practices is critical for optimizing growth and cannabinoid yield in essential oil hemp. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324496/ |
| 174 | 2021 | Fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of phytocannabinoids in oily based preparations. | The study presents a validated chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of THC, CBD, CBN, CBG, THCA, CBDA, and THCV in oily-based preparations, demonstrating a linearity range of 0.25-1000 ng/mL. The method exhibited precision and accuracy with intra- and inter-day variability below 13.25% and 7.59%, respectively. Although there was a noted matrix effect for THC and THCV, it was consistent and reproducible, not impacting the quantitative analysis. The method was successfully applied to more than 70 different oily preparations derived from various cannabis cultivars, confirming its effectiveness for regulatory compliance in pharmacological analysis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34062478/ |
| 175 | 2021 | Identification and quantification of cannabinoids in postmortem fluids and tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. | The study introduced a sensitive and reliable analytical method for quantifying various cannabinoids in biological specimens, particularly useful in forensic investigations involving impaired drivers or pilots. The method demonstrated good linearity, precision, and stability for the detection of cannabinoids in blood, providing a tool that can facilitate better interpretation of postmortem cannabinoid levels. The successful application of this method in a pilot from an aviation crash showcases its practicality in real-world forensic scenarios. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34198104/ |
| 176 | 2021 | Detection of Cannabinoids by LC-MS-MS and ELISA in Breast Milk. | The research validated a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method capable of simultaneously quantifying 12 cannabinoids and their metabolites in human breast milk. This assay demonstrated better sensitivity and specificity than the commonly used ELISA method, as evidenced by the detection of THC and its metabolites in samples that were previously deemed cannabinoid-negative by ELISA. The findings underscore the inadequacy of current screening methods and highlight the necessity of reliable cannabinoid quantification in breast milk for clinical monitoring and research regarding cannabis use during and after pregnancy. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33002141/ |
| 177 | 2021 | The Cannabis Constituent Cannabigerol Does Not Disrupt Fear Memory Processes or Stress-Induced Anxiety in Mice. | The study investigated the effects of the phytocannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) on fear memory and anxiety-related behaviors in a mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite employing different methods to assess the impact of CBG, including repeated exposure and acute administration at dosages ranging from 1 to 60 mg/kg, the results indicated that CBG did not influence long-term fear memories, nor did it affect the acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation, or expression of conditioned fear. Additionally, acute CBG treatment did not alter stress-induced anxiety behaviors in the light/dark test, suggesting that CBG may have limited efficacy in treating PTSD and anxiety-related disorders. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34182770/ |
| 178 | 2021 | Neuroprotection with the Cannabidiol Quinone Derivative VCE-004.8 (EHP-101) against 6-Hydroxydopamine in Cell and Murine Models of Parkinson's Disease. | The study investigated the neuroprotective effects of VCE-004.8 in both in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson's disease, specifically using the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Results showed that VCE-004.8 treatment led to a partial reduction in the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and a significant reversal of inflammatory glial responses in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Additionally, VCE-004.8 demonstrated a cytoprotective effect in cultured SH-SY5Y cells at a concentration of 10 microM, which was primarily mediated through PPAR-gamma receptor activation. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic benefits of VCE-004.8 for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease, emphasizing the role of PPAR-gamma over CB(2) receptors in its mechanism of action. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34071302/ |
| 179 | 2021 | Orally administered cannabidiol does not produce false-positive tests for Delta(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol on the Securetec DrugWipe(R) 5S or Drager DrugTest(R) 5000. | This study evaluated the potential for CBD to cause false-positive indications of THC presence in oral fluid tests commonly used for detecting cannabis impairment. In a controlled setting involving 17 participants, various doses of pure CBD (15 mg, 300 mg, and 1500 mg) were administered. The tests demonstrated that there were no THC-positive results among the participants, irrespective of the CBD dosage used. The findings suggest that individuals consuming CBD-only formulations are unlikely to be wrongly identified as driving under the influence of cannabis due to the lack of false-positive results in standard testing devices, which could influence public policy and testing regulations. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34412166/ |
| 180 | 2021 | Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation. | The study demonstrated that in a mouse model of colitis induced by 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS), cannabigerol (CBG) administration effectively reduced colonic inflammation, while cannabidiol (CBD) did not have the same effect on its own. Notably, the use of fish oil pretreatment at an inactive dosage enhanced the anti-inflammatory action of CBG, allowed CBD to exhibit efficacy, and suggested a synergistic interaction among all three substances. This indicates a potential novel strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by combining FO, CBD, and CBG, with the study supporting the additivity of their effects. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32996187/ |
| 181 | 2021 | Evaluation of thermo-chemical conversion temperatures of cannabinoid acids in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass by pressurized liquid extraction. | This study evaluated the efficiency of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) in decarboxylating cannabinoid acids to their bioactive neutral forms. By applying varying temperatures from 80 to 160 °C, the researchers established optimum conditions for conversion, demonstrating that PLE offers a rapid decarboxylation process in a controlled environment that reduces the loss of cannabinoids typically associated with conventional heating methods. Statistically significant data show distinct temperature preferences for different cannabinoids, paving the way for industrial-scale applications in cannabinoid extraction. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34465400/ |
| 182 | 2021 | Dose-Related Inhibition of Capsaicin Responses by Cannabinoids CBG, CBD, THC and their Combination in Cultured Sensory Neurons. | The study demonstrated that individual cannabinoids CBG, CBD, and THC significantly inhibited capsaicin responses in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, maximum inhibition was observed at 30 µM CBG, 100 µM CBD, and 100 µM THC when applied individually. Furthermore, the combined application of CBG, CBD, and THC at a 1:1:1 ratio enhanced the inhibition of capsaicin responses, indicating that their combined use may improve their analgesic efficacy. This suggests potential for developing more effective pain management therapies using cannabinoid combinations. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34853533/ |
| 183 | 2021 | Effect of Cannabis Smoke Condensate on C. albicans Growth and Biofilm Formation. | The study evaluated the impact of cannabis smoke condensate on Candida albicans, revealing that exposure to CSC led to an increase in both growth and hyphal development of the yeast. The research demonstrated that different concentrations of CSC enhanced biofilm formation after 72 hours and also provided a protective effect against oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This suggests that cannabis could potentially contribute to the overgrowth of Candida albicans and the development of oral candidiasis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34835474/ |
| 184 | 2021 | Combined ionic liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide based dynamic extraction of six cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. | The study examined the neuroprotective properties of the quinone derivative VCE-003.2, alongside two new CBG-related derivatives, in models of Parkinson's disease using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In vitro, VCE-003.2 exhibited significant cytoprotective effects at 20 μM, resistant to PPAR-gamma receptor blockade, while CBGA-Q and CBGA-Q-Salt showed similar protective properties that were dependent on PPAR-gamma receptor activation. In vivo, both VCE-003.2 and CBGA-Q provided neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced damage, restoring tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and improving motor function in lesioned mice. However, CBGA-Q-Salt exhibited lesser protective effects. The study underlines the potential therapeutic benefits of VCE-003.2 in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and establishes its unique mechanism of action. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33338634/ |
| 185 | 2021 | Cannabis: Chemistry, extraction and therapeutic applications. | This research explores the innovative use of ionic liquid (IL) pre-treatment coupled with supercritical CO2 extraction to harvest six cannabinoids from industrial hemp. Various process parameters, including IL pre-treatment time, temperature, and extraction pressure and temperature, were optimized to enhance cannabinoid yield. The efficacy of different ILs was assessed, leading to a novel extraction technique that showcases a synergistic effect, yielding cannabinoids without the need for further processing. The proposed method not only boasts high extraction efficiency but also allows for the recycling of ILs, contributing to cost reduction and increased sustainability. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35002535/ |
| 186 | 2021 | Major Phytocannabinoids and Their Related Compounds: Should We Only Search for Drugs That Act on Cannabinoid Receptors? | This study reviews recent literature on the medicinal properties of phytocannabinoids from cannabis, detailing their biochemical interactions with cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors. It discusses the therapeutic effects of notable cannabinoids (e.g., THC, CBD) and terpenes in addressing conditions such as epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the review covers different extraction techniques for cannabinoids, their recreational uses, and the current landscape of cannabis legalization, emphasizing the growing understanding of cannabis as a source of potential medicinal therapies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34838836/ |
| 187 | 2021 | Separation of minor cannabinoids from hemp extract with trapping multiple dual mode liquid-liquid chromatography. | The study highlights the potential of cannabis and its components in developing new medical treatments. Initially focused on cannabinoid receptors, recent findings reveal that major phytocannabinoids also engage with various non-cannabinoid receptors, suggesting a broader mechanism of action. These interactions may lead to therapeutic effects in conditions such as Alzheimer's, epilepsy, depression, neuropathic pain, cancer, and diabetes. The study stresses the need for further research to clarify these mechanisms and suggests that the structural modulation of phytocannabinoids should expand beyond cannabinoid receptors to enhance their pharmacological efficacy. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34834237/ |
| 188 | 2021 | Valorization of CBD-hemp through distillation to provide essential oil and improved cannabinoids profile. | This study demonstrated a novel approach using the trapping multiple dual mode (MDM) liquid-liquid chromatography technique to separate minor cannabinoids from hemp extracts effectively. By employing specific biphasic solvent systems for different cannabinoids, the researchers achieved high purities (93-99%) and yields (73-95%) while also minimizing solvent usage and doubling productivity in comparison to conventional methods. These findings suggest that the MDM method could be a more efficient and sustainable option for cannabinoid purification, which is essential for both research and potential therapeutic applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34666269/ |
| 189 | 2021 | Shape Matters: Plant Architecture Affects Chemical Uniformity in Large-Size Medical Cannabis Plants. | This study investigated the effects of steam distillation on hemp biomass, focusing on the extraction of essential oils (EO) and cannabinoids. Distillation caused the decarboxylation of various cannabinoid acids into their active forms, notably converting CBD-A into CBD, resulting in a 3.4 to 9-fold increase in CBD content depending on the strain. The distilled biomass contained a higher cannabinoid profile, and small amounts of CBD were found in the EO, which also contained significant terpenes. Overall, this study suggests that steam distillation can effectively valorize hemp biomass for high-value products, leading to enhanced biochemical profiles favorable for cannabinoid extraction. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34615971/ |
| 190 | 2021 | Neuroprotective Effects of Cannabidiol but Not Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Rat Hippocampal Slices Exposed to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation: Studies with Cannabis Extracts and Selected Cannabinoids. | The study investigated the relationship between plant architecture and cannabinoid profiles in large Cannabis sativa plants (~2.5 m in height). The researchers hypothesized that light intensity gradients along the plant would affect cannabinoid concentrations and that enhancing light penetration through architectural modifications would improve both cannabinoid uniformity and biomass yield. The findings confirmed these hypotheses, showing that low cannabinoid concentrations in the inflorescences at the bottom of the plants were associated with low light penetration. By utilizing plant architecture manipulation techniques—such as defoliation and branch removal—the researchers were able to increase local cannabinoid concentrations and achieve greater spatial uniformity. Overall, the study suggests that optimizing plant architecture can lead to better cannabinoid standardization, which is crucial for both pharmaceutical and economic purposes. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579367/ |
| 191 | 2021 | Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms. | The study explored the effects of various cannabis extracts and cannabinoids on neuronal death following simulated ischemia in rat hippocampal slices. Results showed that CBD provided neuroprotection and reduced tissue damage, while THC increased injury. The neuroprotective effects of CBD were mediated through specific receptor pathways, whereas the toxicity of THC was linked to CB1 receptor activation. These findings indicate distinct roles for cannabinoids in neurodegenerative processes following ischemia, suggesting that appropriate CBD concentrations or CBD/THC ratios could be beneficial in therapeutic applications targeting post-ischemic neuronal death. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34575932/ |
| 192 | 2021 | Targeting of Protein's Messenger RNA for Viral Replication, Assembly and Release in SARS-CoV-2 Using Whole Genomic Data From South Africa: Therapeutic Potentials of Cannabis Sativa L. | This study surveyed 127 users of CBG-predominant cannabis, revealing that most participants used these products primarily for medical purposes, with anxiety being the most treated condition. A large percentage of users rated CBG's efficacy as superior to conventional treatments for various conditions, including chronic pain and depression. The adverse effects were generally mild, with a significant portion reporting no adverse events or withdrawal symptoms at all. The findings indicate that CBG may be a promising therapeutic option and warrant further investigation in randomized controlled trials. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34569849/ |
| 193 | 2021 | Screening and confirmation methods for the qualitative identification of nine phytocannabinoids in urine by LC-MS/MS. | The study investigated the evolutionary trends of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa and revealed a 96% genomic homology with strains from various countries, indicating intercontinental spread and potential evolution from other coronaviruses. Additionally, the presence of active phytocannabinoids in a hot water infusion of Cannabis sativa was identified, with molecular docking analysis suggesting significant interactions between these compounds and viral mRNAs coding for proteins critical to the virus's life cycle. These findings propose the potential for phytocannabinoids to serve as therapeutic agents against COVID-19, necessitating further pre-clinical and clinical validation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34539415/ |
| 194 | 2021 | Differential Interactions of Selected Phytocannabinoids with Human CYP2D6 Polymorphisms. | The research introduced a qualitative analysis method incorporating enzymatic hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS, achieving significant sensitivity with detection limits of 1 microg/L for non-carboxylated phytocannabinoids and 5 microg/L for carboxylated ones. The validated screening methods were applied to authentic case samples, demonstrating their utility in forensic, medicolegal, and medical compliance contexts to ascertain the presence of phytocannabinoids, which is critical for differentiating between natural and synthetic cannabis use. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34529995/ |
| 195 | 2021 | Cannabinoid exposure as a major driver of pediatric acute lymphoid Leukaemia rates across the USA: combined geospatial, multiple imputation and causal inference study. | This study investigates the interactions between various phytocannabinoids and the highly polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6, which is crucial for metabolizing various drugs and endogenous compounds such as anandamide. The researchers demonstrate that specific polymorphisms in CYP2D6 can influence the metabolism of phytocannabinoids, with a particular focus on how CBD may regulate the metabolism of anandamide. Utilizing molecular dynamics simulations, they elucidate the mechanisms behind these interactions, ultimately suggesting that genetic variations in CYP2D6 could affect the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of cannabis-derived compounds in individuals. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34491040/ |
| 196 | 2021 | Discriminating different Cannabis sativa L. chemotypes using attenuated total reflectance - infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy: A proof of concept. | The study analyzed epidemiological data to investigate the impact of cannabis use on the incidence rates of acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL) among children, while considering other substances, ethnicity, and income. It found that higher cannabis consumption correlates with increased ALL rates, as demonstrated by statistical analyses showing significant beta-estimates and p-values indicating strong associations. The results suggested a causal relationship between cannabis use and ALL rates, particularly exacerbated by the relaxation of cannabis legal restrictions. The findings also highlighted ethnic differentials in ALL rates influenced by cannabis exposure. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34479489/ |
| 197 | 2021 | First Report of Fusarium graminearum Causing Flower Blight On Hemp (Cannabis sativa) in Kentucky. | This study introduces a high-throughput ATR-FTIR spectroscopy approach for the rapid discrimination of fibre-type from drug-type cannabis without prior sample treatment. The method demonstrated high accuracy (75-103% versus LC-MS/MS) in quantifying seven cannabinoids, indicating its effectiveness for both quality control in pharmaceutical manufacturing and potential use in street cannabis monitoring and user education. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34332310/ |
| 198 | 2021 | Cannabis constituents interact at the drug efflux pump BCRP to markedly increase plasma cannabidiolic acid concentrations. | The study identified Fusarium graminearum as the pathogen responsible for mold and blight symptoms observed in field-grown hemp, particularly affecting the 'White CBG' cultivar. It was confirmed through experimental inoculation that the disease symptoms were more severe on flowers with senescent styles compared to those with green styles. This finding is significant as it highlights the risk of this pathogen in hemp cultivation in Kentucky, especially as industrial hemp farming increases in the region. Additionally, the study raises concerns about the potential accumulation of the harmful mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in hemp products, which could pose risks to human and livestock health. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34309406/ |
| 199 | 2021 | Identification of Chemotypic Markers in Three Chemotype Categories of Cannabis Using Secondary Metabolites Profiled in Inflorescences, Leaves, Stem Bark, and Roots. | The study investigated the pharmacokinetic interactions of cannabinoids when administered as a cannabis extract compared to individual cannabinoids. The findings revealed that the presence of other cannabinoids in the extract significantly enhances the plasma levels of CBDA, suggesting the importance of the entourage effect. This enhancement is attributed to the inhibition of the drug efflux transporter BCRP by cannabinoids such as cannabigerol and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, which reduces the intestinal efflux of CBDA. The implications of this research indicate that cannabis extracts might enhance the therapeutic potential of CBDA and that its role in the pharmacological effects of cannabis may be more crucial than previously recognized. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34294753/ |
| 200 | 2021 | Synergistic and antagonistic antioxidant effects in the binary cannabinoids mixtures. | This research analyzed various secondary metabolites across three different cannabis chemotypes (THC dominant, intermediate, and CBD dominant) using methods such as hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. It found that CBD dominant strains contained higher levels of certain cannabinoids and terpenoids, while THC dominant strains had a distinct profile of other cannabinoids and terpenoids. The intermediate strains exhibited chemical characteristics that were closer to CBD dominant strains but still retained unique traits. The comprehensive profiling of these chemotypes suggests their potential use in quality standardization and strain identification for medical applications, clinical studies, and cannabis product manufacturing. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34276749/ |
| 201 | 2021 | Causal inference multiple imputation investigation of the impact of cannabinoids and other substances on ethnic differentials in US testicular cancer incidence. | The study evaluates the antioxidant properties of binary mixtures of cannabinoids, including CBG, CBD, THC, CBGA, CBDA, and THCA. It reveals that the effectiveness of these mixtures in scavenging free radicals can vary based on the specific cannabinoids used and their respective ratios. This suggests that strategically combining cannabinoids may enhance their therapeutic potential, providing insights into future pharmacological applications of cannabinoid mixtures over single cannabinoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34273440/ |
| 202 | 2021 | Epidemiological overview of multidimensional chromosomal and genome toxicity of cannabis exposure in congenital anomalies and cancer development. | The study analyzed the correlation between cannabis consumption and testicular cancer rates (TCR) across different ethnicities in the U.S. from 1975 to 2017. It revealed that TCR increased significantly across ethnic groups, with notable rises in African-Americans (41%) and Caucasian-Americans (78.1%). The study found that ethnic THC exposure was the most significant risk factor for TCR, alongside significant relationships with other cannabinoids like cannabigerol. The results suggest that the liberalization of cannabis laws correlates with higher TCRs in both Caucasian-American and African-American populations. The findings underscore the need for further research into the gene-environment interaction affecting testicular cancer risks. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246312/ |
| 203 | 2021 | Characteristics of the Diploid, Triploid, and Tetraploid Versions of a Cannabigerol-Dominant F(1) Hybrid Industrial Hemp Cultivar, Cannabis sativa 'Stem Cell CBG'. | This study analyzed population-level data from the CDC and other health databases to investigate the genotoxic effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. It identified a significant association between cannabinoid exposure and a variety of congenital anomalies (such as Down syndrome and Trisomies) as well as cancers (including thyroid, liver, breast, and pancreatic cancers). The effects were robust even after adjusting for confounding factors like ethnicity and income, displaying notable non-linear characteristics. The study highlighted that the increasing liberalization of cannabis correlates with higher rates of these health issues, confirming earlier experimental studies regarding the compounds’ genotoxic potential. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34230557/ |
| 204 | 2021 | HPLC-UV-HRMS analysis of cannabigerovarin and cannabigerobutol, the two impurities of cannabigerol extracted from hemp. | The study explored the effects of ploidy manipulation in Cannabis sativa by producing tetraploids from inbred diploid lines. The triploid hybrids exhibited female infertility with seed yields less than 2% compared to diploids. However, these triploids demonstrated enhanced biomass and inflorescence weight in field settings, indicating their potential advantage in cultivation despite their low fertility. The findings suggest that triploid cultivars could be beneficial in agriculture to minimize unintended cross-pollination while maximizing growth traits. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34204324/ |
| 205 | 2021 | Cannabinoids and Terpenes: How Production of Photo-Protectants Can Be Manipulated to Enhance Cannabis sativa L. Phytochemistry. | The study outlined the development of a sensitive HPLC-UV method for identifying and quantifying two impurities (CBGV and CBGB) in CBG samples. The detection was further confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and chemical synthesis comparison. The method demonstrated robust validation parameters in compliance with ICH guidelines, addressing linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, and stability. Analysis of four commercial CBG products revealed variability in impurity profiles linked to the hemp variety used. These findings support the need for comprehensive profiling of hemp-derived compounds for ensuring quality and safety in cannabis products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34153935/ |
| 206 | 2021 | Detectability of cannabinoids in the serum samples of cannabis users: Indicators of recent cannabis use? A follow-up study. | The study highlights the influence of different lighting spectra on the production of cannabinoids and other secondary metabolites in Cannabis sativa L. It indicates that UV radiation may enhance cannabinoid biosynthesis in the plant's trichomes, warranting further examination of pre-harvest or post-harvest UV treatments. Additionally, visible LED light has been found to increase THC and terpene accumulation, but not CBD. The study emphasizes the need for further research into various light wavelengths beyond blue and red light to better understand the regulatory pathways involved in cannabinoid production. It also notes that innovative lighting strategies could reduce energy use while maximizing secondary metabolite output, addressing both agricultural efficiency and product quality. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135916/ |
| 207 | 2021 | The anti-inflammatory effects of cannabidiol and cannabigerol alone, and in combination. | The study investigated the detection of various cannabinoids in serum from cannabis users, focusing on those who reported their last use within 24 hours prior to blood sampling. Of 117 patients, major cannabinoids like delta-9-THC and its metabolites were analyzed, along with several minor cannabinoids. While the concentration of cannabinoids was not correlated with the time elapsed since last use, minor cannabinoids were more readily detectable shortly after consumption. Notably, some minor cannabinoids remained detectable beyond a day post-consumption, suggesting that their presence may not reliably indicate recent use and should be interpreted cautiously in forensic contexts. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34114750/ |
| 208 | 2021 | Development and Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Setup Leading to Quantification of 11 Cannabinoids Derived from Medicinal Cannabis. | The study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of non-psychotropic cannabinoids, specifically cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG), in a guinea pig model of pulmonary inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results showed that while formulations using medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil did not significantly affect LPS-induced neutrophilia, those using a Cremophor(R) EL-based micellar solution did, with a 55-65% reduction in neutrophil recruitment observed for the highest doses of both cannabinoids administered either orally or intraperitoneally. A combination of CBD and CBG did not enhance the anti-inflammatory effects compared to individual cannabinoids. This suggests potential therapeutic applications of properly formulated non-psychoactive cannabinoids for respiratory diseases characterized by airway inflammation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34082108/ |
| 209 | 2021 | Identification of Potential Distinguishing Markers for the Use of Cannabis-Based Medicines or Street Cannabis in Serum Samples. | This study successfully developed a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction method at 37 degrees C and 250 bar pressure, yielding optimal quantities of cannabinoids. The incorporation of a cold separator and successive washing with fresh scCO2 significantly improved cannabinoid extraction. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (uHPLC-DAD) was employed to quantify these cannabinoids in a single run, showing good accuracy and precision, which supports the viability of deploying this method for developing well-characterized medicinal cannabis formulations. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34071473/ |
| 210 | 2021 | Metabolomic Analysis of Cannabinoid and Essential Oil Profiles in Different Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Phenotypes. | This pilot study examined serum cannabinoid profiles post-use of cannabis-based medicines (Sativex(R), Dronabinol, and medical cannabis) to differentiate between medical and recreational cannabis use. Analyzing samples via a validated LC-MS/MS method revealed potential markers for medical cannabis use, particularly for Dronabinol and Sativex(R), characterized by specific ratios and higher concentrations of certain cannabinoids. However, distinguishing between medical and street cannabis was challenging except for certain cannabidiol-rich strains. This study aids in classifying forensic serum samples regarding cannabis-based medicine use. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34068332/ |
| 211 | 2021 | The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies. | The study examined 11 phenotypes from three varieties of hemp and analyzed their cannabinoid and terpenoid profiles. Results showed that "Finola" selection (FS) phenotypes consistently had the highest levels of CBD, while the phenotypes "TV" and "CI" had the highest total content of Delta-9-THC. Notably, the essential oil components of the FS and "Tiborszallasi" (TS) plants showed greater uniformity compared to the "Carmagnola" selected (CS) plants, which displayed significant differences between phenotypes. The study's findings are relevant for the development of new supplement ingredients, pharmaceutical applications, and breeding strategies for cannabinoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34066131/ |
| 212 | 2021 | Anti-Bacterial Properties of Cannabigerol Toward Streptococcus mutans. | This systematic review analyzed 26 preclinical studies on the effects of cannabinoids on inflammation in animal models. The findings indicated that CBD and CBG consistently reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and interferon gamma. In many studies, administration of these cannabinoids also led to improvements in disease outcomes. In contrast, THC alone did not lead to any significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines, though it did show some effectiveness in alleviating neuropathic pain in one study. The results suggest that cannabinoids, specifically CBD and CBG, may have therapeutic potential in reducing inflammation and warrant further exploration in human clinical trials. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998900/ |
| 213 | 2021 | CBG, CBD, Delta9-THC, CBN, CBGA, CBDA and Delta9-THCA as antioxidant agents and their intervention abilities in antioxidant action. | The study demonstrates that Cannabigerol (CBG) affects the growth of Streptococcus mutans, a major contributor to tooth decay, by causing morphological changes and damaging the bacterial membrane. CBG increases membrane permeability and decreases metabolic activity, which helps in preventing pH drops associated with bacterial metabolism. The alterations in membrane structures were confirmed using high-resolution imaging techniques, and the findings suggest potential therapeutic applications of CBG in dental health. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33967995/ |
| 214 | 2021 | Phytocannabinomics: Untargeted metabolomics as a tool for cannabis chemovar differentiation. | The study investigated the antioxidant properties of various cannabinoids using several spectrophotometric methods. Results indicated that all examined cannabinoids could effectively scavenge free radicals, prevent oxidation, and reduce metal ions, exhibiting significant antioxidant activity. The magnitude of this activity varied among the cannabinoids but remained comparable to Vitamin E, highlighting the potential of cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in oxidation-associated diseases and supporting their use in self-medication practices. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33964342/ |
| 215 | 2021 | Efficacy of Phytocannabinoids in Epilepsy Treatment: Novel Approaches and Recent Advances. | This study demonstrates the limitations of traditional cannabis chemotype classifications based solely on THC, CBD, and CBG concentrations. By utilizing advanced analytical techniques, including untargeted metabolomics and chemometrics, researchers characterized the phytocannabinoid profiles of fifty cannabis varieties, leading to the identification of new subgroups not previously categorized. These findings underscore the need for a more nuanced understanding of cannabis chemovars, as the unique chemical compositions of minor phytocannabinoids can significantly affect therapeutic outcomes. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33934778/ |
| 216 | 2021 | Simultaneous quantification of 18 different phytocannabinoids in serum using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. | The study emphasizes the limitations of traditional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy and proposes the exploration of phytocannabinoids as alternative therapeutic options. It focuses on the molecular mechanisms and preclinical and clinical data supporting the anticonvulsant effects of CBD, CBDV, Delta(9)-THCV, and CBG. The review stresses the need for further research into these phytocannabinoids, particularly in young adult and adolescent populations, to better understand their efficacy and potential in epilepsy treatment. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33920188/ |
| 217 | 2021 | Extensive phytocannabinoid profiles of seized cannabis and cannabis-based medicines - Identification of potential distinguishing markers. | This study successfully established and validated a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous detection of a wide range of cannabinoids and their metabolites in serum samples. The method showed high sensitivity with limits of detection ranging from 0.0004 to 1 ng/mL and limits of quantification from 0.004 to 2 ng/mL. Calibration curves were linear, indicating the method's robustness for various cannabinoids, including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). The recovery rates were acceptable for most cannabinoids, demonstrating good analytical performance, although a few showed lower recovery rates. The method has practical implications for both clinical and forensic applications, allowing for comprehensive cannabinoid profiling in serum samples. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33882447/ |
| 218 | 2021 | A geospatiotemporal and causal inference epidemiological exploration of substance and cannabinoid exposure as drivers of rising US pediatric cancer rates. | The study quantitatively analyzed 16 phytocannabinoids in samples of seized cannabis, medical cannabis, Sativex(R), and Dronabinol using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Key differentiators identified between medical and recreational cannabis included specific cannabinoid ratios, notably the cannabidiol/tetrahydrocannabinol ratio in Sativex(R), as well as the presence of cannabichromene and specific acidic cannabinoids in medical samples, which were less prevalent in seized cannabis. Principal component analysis revealed significant differences in the composition of tetrahydocannabinolic acid A, tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, and others, underscoring the potential of cannabinoid profiling to distinguish therapeutic use from recreational consumption. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33839545/ |
| 219 | 2021 | SNP in Potentially Defunct Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Synthase Is a Marker for Cannabigerolic Acid Dominance in Cannabis sativa L. | This study analyzed age-adjusted TPCIR data from 2003-2017 in relation to cannabis use and found that while overall drug use decreased nationally, cannabis use increased and was correlated with higher TPCIR. The highest quintile of cannabis users had a significantly greater TPCIR compared to the lowest quintile. Advanced statistical models demonstrated that cannabis use remained an independent risk factor for rising TPCIR even when considering factors like ethnicity, income, and other drug uses, suggesting a potential genotoxic effect of cannabinoids. Legalization of cannabis was also associated with higher rates of TPCIR, emphasizing the need for further research into the implications of cannabis on pediatric cancer. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33632159/ |
| 220 | 2021 | Cannabis compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in vitro in COVID-19-related inflammation in lung epithelial cells and pro-inflammatory activity in macrophages. | The study investigated the inheritance of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) dominance in Cannabis sativa and identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that marks this trait. By crossing different cultivars, researchers confirmed that the inability to convert CBGA to tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) is due to a recessive gene associated with a mutated THCA synthase. This finding provides a genetic marker that can be utilized in breeding programs to select for cultivars that exhibit CBGA dominance, which has implications for both agricultural practices and cannabinoid research. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557333/ |
| 221 | 2021 | Development of Water-Soluble Electrospun Fibers for the Oral Delivery of Cannabinoids. | The study demonstrated that an extract from the C. sativa Arbel strain, particularly the fraction containing cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), effectively reduced inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-8 in an alveolar epithelial cell line (A549). Additionally, the F(CBD) formulation exhibited macrophage polarization and increased phagocytic activity, whereas F(CBD:std) maintained anti-inflammatory effects in epithelial cells but resulted in reduced phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory IL secretion in macrophages. The findings suggest that phytocannabinoids may offer therapeutic benefits in managing lung inflammation associated with COVID-19, although caution is warranted regarding their use. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33446817/ |
| 222 | 2021 | Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in Cannabis sativa L. | The study successfully formulated Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG) using electrohydrodynamic atomization to create smooth, uniform drug-loaded fibers. The fibers exhibited high encapsulation efficiency and demonstrated rapid disintegration and dissolution in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, suggesting an effective delivery mechanism for cannabinoids via oral administration. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33400042/ |
| 223 | 2021 | Color determination method and evaluation of methods for the detection of cannabinoids by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). | The study highlights the therapeutic potential of CBG and CBC, two lesser-known phytocannabinoids, alongside THC and CBD. It emphasizes CBG's anticancer effects, particularly regarding breast cancer, its anti-inflammatory capabilities in murine models of colitis, and its stimulatory influence on feeding behaviors. Additionally, CBG's role in inhibiting aldose reductase suggests its potential in managing diabetes by preventing glucose accumulation. CBC is noted for its anti-inflammatory actions, reduction of gut hypermobility, modest analgesic effects, and various antitumor properties. Overall, the results advocate for the exploration of these cannabinoids in treating various health conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36654096/ |
| 224 | 2021 | Phytocannabinoid-dependent mTORC1 regulation is dependent upon inositol polyphosphate multikinase activity. | This study evaluated different TLC methods for detecting cannabinoids and achieved the best resolution using a mobile phase of hexane:ethyl ether (8:2 v:v). It demonstrated that while both Fast Blue B salt (FBBS) and Fast Blue RR (FBRR) solutions allowed for cannabinoid detection, the FBRR-acidified solution provided superior visualization. This standardization method not only enhances the reproducibility of color designation in cannabinoid analysis but also opens up several application possibilities in the field. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33369752/ |
| 225 | 2021 | The effect of cannabis toxicity on a model microbiome bacterium epitomized by a panel of bioluminescent E. coli. | The study reveals that CBD and CBG modulate mTORC1 signaling through the inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) pathway, influencing cellular responses based on health conditions. In primary human blood cells, treatment with these phytocannabinoids increased mTORC1 activity in healthy individuals, while it decreased activity in cells from people with MS, suggesting potential therapeutic implications for mTOR-related disorders. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33347604/ |
| 226 | 2021 | The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol. | The study examined nine cannabinoids using a genetically modified E. coli bacterial panel to understand their effects on bacterial defense mechanisms and toxicity. The analysis revealed that THC and THCA caused genotoxic effects, while other cannabinoids primarily demonstrated cytotoxic or oxidative damage. Cannabis plant extracts revealed a predominant genotoxic response, contrasting with isolated cannabinoids. Additionally, combinations of cannabinoids produced different response patterns, highlighting the potential for interactions between compounds. These findings may enhance the understanding of cannabinoids' impact on the human microbiome and their therapeutic implications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33297188/ |
| 227 | 2021 | A Comparative In Vitro Study of the Neuroprotective Effect Induced by Cannabidiol, Cannabigerol, and Their Respective Acid Forms: Relevance of the 5-HT(1A) Receptors. | The study highlights the unique pharmacological properties of CBG, distinguishing it from other cannabinoids like Delta9-THC and CBD. It emphasizes CBG's potential applications in managing conditions such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, along with its antibacterial properties. The review suggests that while there is increasing commercial interest in CBG as a dietary supplement, the evidence base is still limited, warranting more robust research into its therapeutic applications and possible toxicological risks. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33168643/ |
| 228 | 2021 | Neuroprotection with the cannabigerol quinone derivative VCE-003.2 and its analogs CBGA-Q and CBGA-Q-Salt in Parkinson's disease using 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mice. | The study investigated the neuroprotective properties of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) in neural cell cultures subjected to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Both compounds effectively reduced neurotoxicity, particularly in response to rotenone, while high concentrations of CBD, CBDA, or CBGA were found to be toxic. The research also established that the 5-HT1A receptor plays a significant role in CBG's neuroprotective effects, while CB1 and CB2 receptors did not have a noted impact. These findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms behind the protective qualities of CBD and CBG against neurodegenerative processes. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32886342/ |
| 229 | 2020 | Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Heavy Metal Analysis of 29 Over-the-Counter Commercial Veterinary Hemp Supplements. | The study examined 29 low-THC hemp products marketed for dogs, highlighting the inconsistencies in cannabinoid concentrations. While all products fell below the federal THC limit of 0.3%, the amounts of CBD varied significantly (0-88 mg/mL or g). Only a minority of products (10 out of 27) had cannabinoid concentrations within 10% of their label claims, with a median concentration of 93%. Additionally, heavy metal contamination was detected in four products, with lead being the most common contaminant. This variability and risk of contamination underscore the need for pet owners and veterinarians to seek third-party Certificates of Analysis (COA) to ensure safe and effective use of these products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32346530/ |
| 230 | 2020 | Monitoring of cannabinoids in hemp flours by MicroNIR/Chemometrics. | This study developed and validated a miniaturized analytical platform using a MicroNIR spectrometer for real-time detection and quantification of cannabinoids in hemp flour. Through chemometric methods like Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Partial Least Square regression (PLSr), the platform successfully identified and quantified the residual amounts of cannabinoids in compliance with regulatory standards. The results indicated a strong correlation between the platform's measurements and traditional methods, confirming its potential for monitoring cannabinoid content in hemp flour. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32070595/ |
| 231 | 2020 | Biotechnological Approaches on Two High CBD and CBG Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) Varieties: In Vitro Regeneration and Phytochemical Consistency Evaluation of Micropropagated Plants Using Quantitative (1)H-NMR. | This study focused on the in vitro regeneration of high-CBD and high-CBG cannabis plants. Shoots were successfully developed from nodal segments after 30 days in Murashige-Skoog (MS) culture medium supplemented with 4.0 µM of either 6-benzyl-amino-purine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ). Both full and half-strength MS media with these supplements produced optimal shoot growth and shooting frequencies. For rooting, the application of 2.0 or 4.0 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or 4.0 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) yielded the best rooting rates, resulting in 92% of plantlets acclimatizing successfully in the field. Importantly, the micropropagated clones were found to have a stable chemical profile, showing no significant differences in cannabinoid content compared to their mother plants, which suggests potential for consistent medicinal applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33333745/ |
| 232 | 2020 | Phytocannabinoids promote viability and functional adipogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through different molecular targets. | The study investigated the effects of various phytocannabinoids on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), particularly their viability and differentiation potential into adipocytes. Results showed that CBD, CBDA, CBGA, and THCV at 5 µM increased the viability of BM-MSCs, while CBD and CBG at the same dosage facilitated their maturation into adipocytes through different molecular mechanisms. Additionally, these compounds counteracted insulin signaling impairment caused by palmitate in adipocyte differentiates. Overall, the findings suggest the therapeutic potential of these phytocannabinoids in managing conditions linked to metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and lipodystrophy. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32061773/ |
| 233 | 2020 | Free and Glucuronide Urine Cannabinoids after Controlled Smoked, Vaporized and Oral Cannabis Administration in Frequent and Occasional Cannabis Users. | This study analyzed urine samples from frequent and occasional cannabis users after controlled administration of 50.6 mg Delta9-THC via smoking, vaporization, and oral intake. It found that median Cmax for THCCOOH-glucuronide was notably higher in frequent users (378, 248, and 485 mug/L for smoked, vaporized, and oral routes, respectively) compared to occasional users (68.0, 26.7, and 360 mug/L). Tmax for Cmax ranged from 5.1 to 7.9 hours across all routes and users. The absence of other cannabinoids and metabolites in urine suggests a specific metabolic pattern, which is critical for drug monitoring authorities and policymakers in forming regulations and guidelines surrounding cannabis use. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32369162/ |
| 234 | 2020 | The Influence of Hemp Extract in Combination with Ginger on the Metabolic Activity of Metastatic Cells and Microorganisms. | The study investigated the anticancer and antimicrobial properties of ginger and cannabis extracts in varying ratios and extraction methods. It identified that extracts with a higher ginger ratio exhibited increased antioxidant activity and total phenol content. The methods of ultrasonic and supercritical extraction yielded the highest cannabinoid levels, specifically CBD and CBDA. Despite the differences in extraction methods and ratios, the ratios did not significantly affect cancer cell division inhibition, with a minimum effective concentration of 1 mg/mL found necessary for cancer growth inhibition. The antimicrobial activity was also assessed, showing that cannabis-dominated extracts effectively inhibited the growth of certain microorganisms, leading to a proposed 1:1 ratio for future studies using supercritical and ultrasonic extraction methods. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33126621/ |
| 235 | 2020 | The Transcriptomic Analysis of NSC-34 Motor Neuron-Like Cells Reveals That Cannabigerol Influences Synaptic Pathways: A Comparative Study with Cannabidiol. | The study investigated the effects of Cannabigerol (CBG) and Cannabidiol (CBD) on the transcriptome related to neurotransmission in NSC-34 motor neuron-like cells using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Both cannabinoids, administered at concentrations of 1 or 5 microM, were found to be non-cytotoxic and resulted in a decrease in pro-apoptotic gene expression. Additionally, both CBG and CBD altered the expression of genes associated with glutamate, GABA, and dopamine signaling, and they elicited similar transcriptional changes, suggesting their potential therapeutic roles in modulating neurotransmission. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33019509/ |
| 236 | 2020 | Cannabinol (CBN) Cross-Reacts with Two Urine Immunoassays Designed to Detect Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Metabolite. | This study investigated the potential cross-reactivity of two commercial immunoassays for THC metabolite with four cannabinoids (CBD, CBN, CBC, and CBG). The results showed that both the EMIT II Plus and the Microgenics MultiGent assays were affected by CBN, needing 5-fold and 20-fold more CBN than THC metabolite, respectively, to exceed cutoff concentrations. Additionally, CBN demonstrated an additive effect when combined with THC, which may lead to inconsistent results in THC metabolite testing and highlights the necessity for confirmatory testing in cases where results do not align with clinical expectations. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32445358/ |
| 237 | 2020 | Identification of a new cannabidiol n-hexyl homolog in a medicinal cannabis variety with an antinociceptive activity in mice: cannabidihexol. | The study successfully isolated and identified two novel phytocannabinoids, CBDH and Delta(9)-THCH, incorporating an n-hexyl side chain, distinguishing them from existing cannabinoids through a combination of spectroscopic analysis and retention time comparisons with synthetic standards. The research provides an improved framework for the classification of cannabinoid isomers. Furthermore, biological testing indicated that CBDH exhibits significant analgesic activity at low doses in mice, suggesting its potential therapeutic application. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33328530/ |
| 238 | 2020 | A pharmacological characterization of Cannabis sativa chemovar extracts. | This study presents a novel high-throughput approach for quantifying CBD, THC, and other minor cannabinoids in various commercial products. By utilizing liquid chromatography coupled with UV and mass spectrometric detection, the method achieves high sensitivity and a wide range of quantification for both CBD and THC across different matrices. The results show that the majority of tested CBD products contain detectable levels of THC, which may have regulatory implications for the safety and labeling of these products in the market. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32887141/ |
| 239 | 2020 | Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in Cannabis sativa L. | The study identified VCE-003.2 as a potent neuroprotective agent in both in vitro and in vivo inflammatory models of Parkinson's disease. At a concentration of 20 µM, VCE-003.2 exhibited a strong cytoprotective effect in cultured SH-SY5Y cells exposed to the neurotoxin 6-OHDA, independent of PPAR-gamma receptor blockade. In vivo, oral administration at 20 mg/kg preserved dopamine-producing neurons and significantly alleviated motor deficits in lesioned mice. While other derivatives, CBGA-Q and CBGA-Q-Salt, also provided neuroprotection, their effects were notably less than those of VCE-003.2, with the most substantial recovery in dopamine levels observed following VCE-003.2 treatment. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33338634/ |
| 240 | 2020 | Color determination method and evaluation of methods for the detection of cannabinoids by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). | This study analyzed the cannabinoid profiles of six cannabis chemovar extracts and compared their effects against pure Delta(9)-THC, CBD, and morphine in behavioral assays. The extracts produced dose-dependent effects in both the hot plate (antinociception) and tail suspension (immobility) assays, with comparable maximum effects and ED50 values to Delta(9)-THC, indicating similar potency. However, two chemovars showed significantly greater immobility in the tail suspension test, suggesting variability in how different chemovars might influence behavioral outcomes. Overall, while the findings highlight the variance in cannabinoid content across chemovars, they suggest that pure Delta(9)-THC remains a significant determinant of pharmacological effects, thus providing limited evidence for the entourage effect. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33526117/ |
| 241 | 2020 | Metabolic Engineering Strategies of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A Brief Review of the Advances and Challenges. | The study highlights the beneficial effects of various phytocannabinoids, specifically CBG and CBC, beyond the well-known THC and CBD. CBG has shown promise in animal models for its anticancer effects, particularly against breast cancer, anti-inflammatory properties in murine colitis, and its role in enhancing feeding behaviors. Additionally, it inhibits aldose reductase, which could represent a therapeutic avenue for managing diabetes. CBC has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects and improvements in gut hypermobility, along with modest analgesic properties and several anti-tumor effects. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for CBG and CBC in treating various health conditions, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36654096/ |
| 242 | 2020 | The effect of cannabis toxicity on a model microbiome bacterium epitomized by a panel of bioluminescent E. coli. | The study evaluated various thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods for detecting cannabinoids, testing three different mobile phase compositions and two solutions of dye reagents. It found that using hexane:ethyl ether (8:2 v:v) as the mobile phase provided the best resolution for cannabinoid visualization. While both Fast Blue B salt (FBBS) and Fast Blue RR (FBRR) were effective, FBRR yielded superior visualization. This research is pivotal in enhancing the accuracy and reproducibility of cannabinoid detection, which has broad implications for forensic science, medical research, and regulatory oversight. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33369752/ |
| 243 | 2020 | Contemporary epidemiology of rising atrial septal defect trends across USA 1991-2016: a combined ecological geospatiotemporal and causal inferential study. | This study reviews the current status and perspectives on metabolic engineering of industrial hemp, emphasizing its capacity to produce valuable phytochemicals such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). It discusses genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic advancements that facilitate the understanding of hemp secondary metabolite production. The review specifically focuses on three distinct approaches to increase phytochemical yields, particularly via transgenic and transient gene delivery systems, and the application of CRISPR/Cas systems for environmentally-friendly advancements in cannabinoid production. The findings suggest that improving metabolic pathways could lead to enhanced therapeutic applications of hemp compounds, particularly concerning viral diseases like COVID-19. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33363552/ |
| 244 | 2020 | In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa. | This study examined the effects of nine selected cannabinoids and cannabis extracts on a bioluminescent bacterial panel to understand their toxicological impacts on the gut microbiome. Findings revealed that while THC and THCA caused genotoxicity, other cannabinoids showed predominantly cytotoxic or oxidative stress responses. Additionally, cannabis plant extracts were mostly genotoxic, and mixtures of cannabinoids produced distinct biological responses, suggesting potential interactions that differ from individual cannabinoid effects. These results enhance the understanding of cannabinoids' impact on human microbiome health and toxicity mechanisms. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33297188/ |
| 245 | 2020 | The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol. | The geospatiotemporal cohort study analyzed data from 1991 to 2016 and identified a steep rise in ASDI in the USA, correlating this trend with increasing cannabis use during a time when tobacco and alcohol usage was declining. Findings indicated that higher cannabis exposure is significantly associated with increased ASDI rates after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic factors. Legalization of cannabis was also linked to greater ASDI incidence. The study suggests that the potential teratogenic effects of cannabis on cardiovascular development in fetuses warrant serious consideration given the observed associations. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33250054/ |
| 246 | 2020 | Co-occurrence across time and space of drug- and cannabinoid- exposure and adverse mental health outcomes in the National Survey of Drug Use and Health: combined geotemporospatial and causal inference analysis. | The study assessed the pharmacodynamics of eight phytocannabinoids, including ∆(9)-THC and CBD, at the cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R in both cell culture and mouse models. The findings indicate that several tested phytocannabinoids show partial agonist activity at these receptors, which correlates with various in vivo responses such as analgesia and anxiolytic effects typically associated with CB1R activation. This study contributes to understanding the pharmacological potential of these lesser-known cannabinoids and their role in the therapeutic applications of Cannabis-derived products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33230154/ |
| 247 | 2020 | Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation. | The study emphasizes the pharmacological properties of CBG, highlighting its interactions with cannabinoid receptors and its unique interactions with alpha-2 adrenoceptors and 5-HT(1A) receptors. The findings indicate that CBG may have beneficial effects for conditions such as Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, alongside promising antibacterial activity. However, the lack of extensive research and regulation raises concerns about the safety and efficacy of CBG, suggesting a need for further studies to confirm these potential therapeutic benefits and assess associated risks. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33168643/ |
| 248 | 2020 | Efficient Synthesis of Cannabigerol, Grifolin, and Piperogalin via Alumina-Promoted Allylation. | The study analyzed data from 410,138 respondents to the National Survey of Drug Use and Health, using sophisticated geotemporospatial modeling to examine the relationship between cannabis use and various mental health outcomes. Results indicated that cannabis exposure was significantly linked to increased risks of various mental health issues, including any mental illness, major depression, serious mental illness, and suicidal ideation. Notably, they found that as cannabis usage increased, there was a corresponding upward trajectory in SMI rates, doubling during the study period. The implications suggest that cannabis legalization may lead to higher rates of mental health deterioration, warranting preventive measures to reduce cannabis use, especially in the context of its growing acceptance and legalization. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33148213/ |
| 249 | 2020 | It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets. | This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil (FO) and phytocannabinoids, specifically cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD), in a mouse model of colitis induced by DNBS. The findings revealed that CBG, administered orally, significantly reduced colonic inflammation, while CBD alone was ineffective. Notably, when FO was used in combination with CBG and a non-active dose of CBD, the anti-inflammatory response was amplified. FO also improved the effects of CBG while reducing endocannabinoid levels. Importantly, FO did not affect phytocannabinoid concentrations in serum or colon tissue. These results suggest that the strategic combination of these substances may be beneficial in developing therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32996187/ |
| 250 | 2020 | A Comparative In Vitro Study of the Neuroprotective Effect Induced by Cannabidiol, Cannabigerol, and Their Respective Acid Forms: Relevance of the 5-HT(1A) Receptors. | This study presents a novel synthetic approach for the efficient production of three phenolic natural products, including cannabigerol and grifolin, through a single-step reaction. The use of inexpensive 5-alkyl-resorcinols, like olivetol and orcinol, facilitated the synthesis, thereby potentially lowering production costs for these compounds. Additionally, the study reports the first synthesis of piperogalin achieved through two sequential allylation steps. The implications suggest that this method can streamline the production of important natural compounds in pharmaceuticals and other industries. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32972142/ |
| 251 | 2020 | Urinary cannabinoid mass spectrometry profiles differentiate dronabinol from cannabis use. | This review article summarizes the historical and current understanding of the various phytocannabinoids found in cannabis, emphasizing their diverse therapeutic properties. It underscores the shift in public perception regarding cannabis from a purely recreational substance to one with significant medical value, particularly the increasing acceptance and demand for CBD and its applications in both human and veterinary medicine. The article discusses the mechanisms through which cannabinoids exert their effects via interaction with CB1 and CB2 receptors and suggests ongoing and future trends in the utilization of cannabis-derived products for health and nutrition. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32899626/ |
| 252 | 2020 | Screening Method for the Quality Evaluation of Cannabidiols in Water-based Products Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. | The study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of CBD, CBG, and their acid forms (CBDA and CBGA) against neurotoxicity induced by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neural cell cultures. While low concentrations of these compounds did not affect cell viability, high concentrations were toxic. Both CBD and CBG exhibited neuroprotection, particularly against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity, with CBG showing a notable interaction with 5-HT1A receptors. The study highlights crucial differences between the effects of phytocannabinoids and their acids, emphasizing the potential of CBG in neuroprotection. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32886342/ |
| 253 | 2020 | Identifying and Quantifying Cannabinoids in Biological Matrices in the Medical and Legal Cannabis Era. | The study evaluated a novel rapid LC-MS/MS assay for quantifying cannabinoids in urine, demonstrating its ability to differentiate between cannabis users and those using dronabinol. The analysis of urine samples from 55 cannabinoid-positive subjects and 31 controls showed that in dronabinol users, only THC metabolites (THC-COOH and THC-OH) were present, while minor cannabinoids were prevalent in 91% of cannabis group samples. Cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD) were identified as key indicators of cannabis use, highlighting the assay's high sensitivity and potential application for monitoring dronabinol compliance. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32795544/ |
| 254 | 2020 | Pharmacological data of cannabidiol- and cannabigerol-type phytocannabinoids acting on cannabinoid CB(1), CB(2) and CB(1)/CB(2) heteromer receptors. | The study developed a preliminary screening method using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify cannabinoids in CBD products, specifically focusing on their presence in mineral water and gummi candy. The method demonstrated high sensitivity with low limits of detection and quantification, and showed promising recovery rates. Upon evaluating six CBD products from Japan, the results indicated inconsistencies between the labels and the actual cannabinoid concentrations, with notable absences of CBN, THCA, CBG, and CBDA in full-spectrum products. This underscores the critical need for accurate testing and verification of cannabinoid concentrations in consumer products to ensure safety and compliance. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713900/ |
| 255 | 2020 | Cannabigerol Prevents Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation of Vibrio harveyi. | The study conducted an extensive review of cannabinoid analyses from 2000 to 2019, emphasizing the technological advancements that facilitate the identification and quantification of both major and minor phytocannabinoids, including THC and CBD, in a range of biological samples. The findings highlight the complexities involved in interpreting cannabinoid analyses and underscore the increased demand for such analyses due to the medicalization and legalization of cannabis. This demand is anticipated to grow with improved instrumentation and an expanded understanding of phytocannabinoids' therapeutic uses and potential toxicities. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32628766/ |
| 256 | 2020 | Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat CTX-TNA2 Astrocytes and Isolated Cortexes. | The study investigated the interactions of various phytocannabinoids (CBG, CBDA, CBGA, CBDV, CBGV) with cannabinoid receptors CB(1) and CB(2). Using a heterologous expression system and various functional assays, it was found that all tested phytocannabinoids functioned as agonists, yet acted as inverse agonists in the presence of selective receptor agonists. The results indicated that CBGV had particularly strong efficacy and revealed biased signaling mechanisms related to the binding of each ligand to the receptors, suggesting distinct receptor conformations. These findings enhance understanding of the potential therapeutic applications of these cannabinoids and their complex interactions with the endocannabinoid system. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32470563/ |
| 257 | 2020 | Raman-Based Differentiation of Hemp, Cannabidiol-Rich Hemp, and Cannabis. | The study demonstrated that Cannabigerol (CBG), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, significantly reduces bioluminescence and biofilm formation in Vibrio harveyi by interfering with quorum sensing mechanisms. Specifically, CBG decreased motility and increased LuxO expression while downregulating the LuxR gene by 80%. Importantly, the presence of autoinducers did not counteract the inhibitory effects of CBG, indicating that CBG disrupts the communication pathways necessary for bacterial signaling. These findings suggest CBG's potential as an anti-biofilm agent. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32457724/ |
| 258 | 2020 | Development of Cannabinoids in Flowers of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A Pilot Study. | The study compared the effects of CBD and CBG in two experimental models of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity relevant to neurological diseases. Results showed that both compounds exerted antioxidant effects on rat astrocytes and were effective in restoring serotonin levels in the cortex after neurotoxic stimuli. However, CBD was more effective than CBG in restoring the levels of proteins involved in neurotransmitter exocytosis. Additionally, bioinformatics and docking studies indicated both compounds might inhibit the neurokinin B receptor, suggesting their potential as neuroprotective agents targeting brain non-neuronal cells in conditions of oxidative stress. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443623/ |
| 259 | 2020 | Investigation of Chocolate Matrix Interference on Cannabinoid Analytes. | This study highlights the potential of Raman spectroscopy (RS) as a superior analytical tool for identifying and quantifying cannabinoids such as CBD, CBG, THC, and their acidic forms in hemp and cannabis. The traditional method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is nonportable and labor-intensive, whereas RS offers a quick and efficient alternative. By establishing spectroscopic signatures for these cannabinoids, the study supports RS's application in the agricultural and medical sectors, potentially aiding in the legal compliance and quality control of hemp cultivation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32401504/ |
| 260 | 2020 | Pitfalls in the analysis of phytocannabinoids in cannabis inflorescence. | The study analyzed cannabinoid development in industrial hemp flowers over the reproductive stage. It found that total THC, CBD, and CBG concentrations significantly increased as the flowers matured, peaking between 6 to 7 weeks postanthesis. Following this peak, cannabinoid levels declined due to plant senescence. Day-length-sensitive varieties maintained THC levels above the legal threshold for longer periods compared to day-length-neutral varieties, which only exceeded this threshold during their peak maturation period. The study highlights critical timing and variety selection for effective industrial hemp cultivation, particularly concerning cannabinoid profiles. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32392412/ |
| 261 | 2020 | Selective Extraction of Cannabinoid Compounds from Cannabis Seed Using Pressurized Hot Water Extraction. | The research demonstrates that the presence of various chocolate products (milk chocolate, dark chocolate, and cocoa powder) impacts the analytical recovery of cannabinoid compounds, including both biogenic and synthetic cannabinoids. It was found that the amount of chocolate present correlates positively with matrix interference, leading to lower recovery rates for the cannabinoids. Structural features of the cannabinoids also played a role, as those with fewer phenolic -OH groups exhibited increased signal suppression. Additionally, the degree of aromatization of the p-menthyl moiety was linked to greater matrix effects in chocolate containing higher cocoa solids. These findings highlight significant implications for cannabinoid analysis in the legal cannabis industry and underscore the need for careful consideration of complex matrices during testing. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32357297/ |
| 262 | 2020 | Uncovering the Hidden Antibiotic Potential of Cannabis. | This review critically evaluates the various analytical methods used to determine cannabis potency, highlighting the substantial variability and complications associated with the decarboxylation of cannabinoids during heating. It also addresses issues related to sample preparation, extraction, and the presence of isomeric forms that further complicate analysis. The findings suggest that analytical chemists must be aware of these pitfalls to ensure more reliable potency assessments of phytocannabinoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32285185/ |
| 263 | 2020 | Central Effect of Components of Cannabis: Utility and Risk. | The study utilized PHWE as an innovative extraction method to efficiently recover cannabinoid compounds from Cannabis sativa seed. By employing response surface methodology, researchers determined that increasing the extraction temperature from 140 °C to 160 °C significantly reduced the yield of THC and CBN in the liquid extract. The optimal extraction conditions for maximizing CBD, CBC, and CBG recovery involved heating the extraction cell to 150 °C and the collector vessel to 160 °C for 45 minutes. The extracted ratio of total THC (THCt) to total CBD (CBDt) confirmed a strong preference for non-psychoactive cannabinoids under these conditions. This suggests that PHWE is a promising alternative to traditional extraction methods, being both efficient and environmentally friendly. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32183432/ |
| 264 | 2020 | Development of extraction technique and GC/FID method for the analysis of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. spp. santicha (hemp). | The study reveals that cannabinoids, particularly cannabigerol, have significant antibacterial properties against MRSA and can inhibit biofilm formation, as well as eradicate preformed biofilms. The mechanism of action involves targeting the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, cannabinoids were found to be effective against Gram-negative bacteria when their outer membranes were compromised. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential of cannabinoids to enhance the effectiveness of existing antibiotics, such as polymyxin B, against multidrug-resistant pathogens, suggesting a promising broad-spectrum therapeutic application for cannabinoids in the fight against antibiotic resistance. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32017534/ |
| 265 | 2020 | Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat Hypo-E22 cells and Isolated Hypothalamus. | The study highlights the distinct effects of THC and CBD on behavior and brain health. THC is linked to abnormal behaviors such as catalepsy-like immobilization and impairment of spatial memory, primarily through its action on CB(1) receptors. In contrast, CBD exhibits various therapeutic properties but does not have a significant impact on CB(1) or CB(2) receptors. Importantly, both compounds showed potential to improve outcomes in a mouse model of brain injury resulting from middle cerebral artery occlusion, indicating differing yet complementary roles in neuroprotection. The study underscores the importance of understanding the pharmacology of various cannabis components for their utility and risks in clinical applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32009043/ |
| 266 | 2020 | Cannabinoids and Opioids in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. | This study investigated different extraction methods for maximizing recovery of CBD and CBG from a specific hemp variety. The results indicated that ultrasound-assisted extraction is the most effective method, producing higher yields of these cannabinoids under the specified conditions. This method offers a powerful analytical approach for both identifying hemp varieties with desirable bioactive compounds and ensuring quality control for their extracts, thereby promoting development for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31943398/ |
| 267 | 2020 | Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa Dried Flowers and Oils by LC-UV: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2018.10. | The study investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) on hypothalamic appetite-regulating pathways in rat hypothalamic cells. It found that both CBD and CBG inhibited gene expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), which are involved in appetite regulation. CBD also decreased the synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) and the release of dopamine (DA), while also inhibiting serotonin (5-HT) synthesis. Additionally, both compounds reduced the 3-hydroxykynurenine/kinurenic acid (3-HK/KA) ratio, indicating a potential anti-inflammatory effect. The findings suggest that CBD's modulation of these neuromodulators aligns with its role in decreasing food intake, while CBG appears to operate through different mechanisms, possibly influencing peripheral pathways. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31941059/ |
| 268 | 2020 | Validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to detect cannabinoids in whole blood and breath. | The review discusses the historical use of Cannabis sativa as a herbal remedy and its current reputation for recreational use. It outlines the potential therapeutic effects of cannabinoids in treating intestinal inflammation, where endogenous cannabinoids may play a regulatory role. Despite anecdotal support for the anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects of Cannabis in IBD, clinical trials have primarily indicated improvements in quality of life without significant evidence for reducing inflammation markers. The study also notes the challenges related to opioid use in managing IBD pain and the risks of dependency, emphasizing the need for further research into the efficacy of Cannabis and cannabinoids as alternative treatments. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31899693/ |
| 269 | 2020 | Combination of UV and MS/MS detection for the LC analysis of cannabidiol-rich products. | This study focused on the development and validation of a standardized method for quantifying eight specific cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L., utilizing HPLC-DAD technology. The method involved extracting cannabinoids with 80% aqueous methanol followed by chromatographic separation and UV detection. Validation results showed repeatability (RSDr) ranging from 0.78% to 10.08% and recoveries between 90.7% and 99.2% across different chemotypes. The method met the requirements outlined by the AOAC SMPR, paving the way for its adoption as an official standard for cannabinoid analysis, benefiting regulatory compliance and quality control in the cannabis industry. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31561754/ |
| 270 | 2020 | Neuroprotection with the cannabigerol quinone derivative VCE-003.2 and its analogs CBGA-Q and CBGA-Q-Salt in Parkinson's disease using 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mice. | The study established a sensitive and specific analytical method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify various cannabinoids, including THC and its metabolites, in biological samples. With lower limits of quantification as low as 0.5 to 2 μg/L for whole blood and 80 pg/pad for breath, the methods demonstrated high precision and accuracy (R² > 0.995), with negligible matrix effects. The results suggest that these quantitative methods will facilitate future research on the impacts of cannabis on driving and equipment operation, contributing to the development of safe driving limits based on cannabinoid concentrations. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31527291/ |
| 271 | 2019 | Monitoring of cannabinoids in hemp flours by MicroNIR/Chemometrics. | The research highlights an innovative screening test utilizing a MicroNIR spectrometer and chemometrics to accurately differentiate and quantify cannabinoids in hemp flour. By applying Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Partial Least Square regression (PLSr), the study demonstrated that the analytical platform could effectively identify the presence of cannabinoids and predict their concentrations within a range of 0.001-0.1% ww. The correlation of results with reference procedures validates its capability for regulatory monitoring of hemp flour compliance across different countries. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32070595/ |
| 272 | 2019 | Simultaneous Quantification of 13 Cannabinoids and Metabolites in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Adult Epilepsy Patients. | The study developed and validated a robust method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to accurately measure 13 cannabinoid compounds in human plasma at low concentrations. Samples were collected from epilepsy patients who were being treated with cannabis for seizures. The method demonstrated high precision and accuracy according to FDA guidelines, with the lower limit of quantification for various cannabinoids ranging from 0.05 ng/mL to 0.50 ng/mL. The analysis confirmed the presence of cannabinoids, particularly highlighting a range of CBD levels from 0.135 to 11.13 ng/mL in patients. These findings enhance the understanding of cannabinoid pharmacokinetics in medical applications, particularly for epilepsy treatment. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30520828/ |
| 273 | 2019 | Development of An Oral Treatment with the PPAR-gamma-Acting Cannabinoid VCE-003.2 Against the Inflammation-Driven Neuronal Deterioration in Experimental Parkinson's Disease. | The study assessed the neuroprotective properties of the oral lipid formulation of VCE-003.2 in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At a dosage of 20 mg/kg, VCE-003.2 significantly improved results in the cylinder rearing test and demonstrated a trend towards recovery in the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons, as well as reducing glial reactivity and pro-inflammatory mediator levels associated with LPS-induced inflammation. These findings confirm the potential of VCE-003.2 as a neuroprotective agent, suggesting further clinical development is warranted. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31349553/ |
| 274 | 2019 | O-Methyl Phytocannabinoids: Semi-synthesis, Analysis in Cannabis Flowerheads, and Biological Activity. | The study developed a protocol for the selective mono-O-methylation of phytocannabinoids and produced semisynthetic analogues of cannabigerol, cannabidiol, and cannabidivarin. It found that mono-O-methyl cannabidiol and cannabidivarin were not present in significant quantities in various hemp chemotypes, while certain chemotypes demonstrated consistent accumulation of O-methylcannabigerol. Importantly, the O-methylation process did not significantly alter the activity of these cannabinoids on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30934093/ |
| 275 | 2019 | New trends in cannabis potency in USA and Europe during the last decade (2008-2017). | The study analyzed 18,108 cannabis samples over ten years and found a dramatic increase in both Delta(9)-THC concentration and the Delta(9)-THC:CBD ratio, which rose from 23 in 2008 to 104 in 2017. The proportion of hash oil samples has also significantly increased, with their Delta(9)-THC concentrations ranging between 6.7% and 55.7%. These trends suggest that cannabis is evolving into a more potent and potentially harmful product, raising concerns about health implications as legalization spreads in the USA and Europe. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30671616/ |
| 276 | 2019 | Chemotherapy-induced cachexia dysregulates hypothalamic and systemic lipoamines and is attenuated by cannabigerol. | The study investigated the effects of cannabigerol (CBG) on chemotherapy-induced anorexia and cachexia using a cisplatin-induced model in rats. CBG treatment (120 mg/kg) modestly increased food intake and effectively reduced weight loss associated with cisplatin administration. It also alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy, improved protein synthesis, and helped normalize metabolic disruptions caused by cisplatin. The findings suggest that CBG may serve as a novel therapeutic option for addressing chemotherapy-induced cachexia by targeting endocannabinoid-like lipoamines and relevant metabolic pathways. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035309/ |
| 277 | 2019 | Validated quantitative cannabis profiling for Canadian regulatory compliance - Cannabinoids, aflatoxins, and terpenes. | The study developed and validated a method for analyzing cannabinoids and aflatoxins in cannabis products using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS techniques. This method meets the compliance standards set by the Canadian government's Cannabis Tracking and Licensing System and the European Pharmacopoeia. It allows for the quantification of multiple cannabinoids, including THC and CBD, and aflatoxins at low detection limits, highlighting its selectivity and efficiency. Importantly, it simplifies the analytical process by eliminating the need for complex extraction techniques, which reduces both the time and costs associated with the analysis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31623719/ |
| 278 | 2019 | Identification of Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) Retailers by Means of Multivariate Analysis of Cannabinoids. | This study analyzed 161 hemp samples from four Italian retailers using a newly developed HPLC-MS/MS method to measure nine cannabinoids, finding that traditional classification by only THC and CBD is insufficient. Through univariate and multivariate analyses, particularly partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), researchers successfully differentiated the retailers with 100% explained variance and low classification errors. These results support the use of advanced analytical methods for forensic applications in hemp product identification. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31591294/ |
| 279 | 2019 | Potency Analysis of Medical Marijuana Products from New York State. | The study focused on establishing a reliable method for quantifying cannabinoid content in medical marijuana products manufactured under New York State's medical marijuana program. The researchers developed an extraction/dilution technique combined with HPLC-PDA, allowing them to analyze 10 different cannabinoids efficiently. The method demonstrated high accuracy, precision, and stability while analyzing products from January 2016 to April 2018. The results indicated that the analysis process could verify product label claims and ensure consistency among products, contributing to the overall quality control of medical marijuana in the state. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31559335/ |
| 280 | 2019 | The Endocannabinoid System of Animals. | The study highlights the prevalence and importance of the endocannabinoid system across various species, consisting of endogenous ligands, G-protein coupled receptors, and associated enzymes. It discusses the identification of key components such as anandamide and 2-AG as endogenous ligands, and emphasizes the interaction of phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa with this system. The ongoing research into the distribution of cannabinoid receptors, particularly in canines, underscores the ECS's role in maintaining homeostasis within the nervous and immune systems. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31527410/ |
| 281 | 2019 | Impact of N, P, K, and Humic Acid Supplementation on the Chemical Profile of Medical Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L). | The study evaluates the impact of nutritional supplementations, including humic acids (HAs) and enhanced P, N, and K treatments, on the cannabinoid profile of medical cannabis. Results indicated that different nutritional treatments yielded variable effects on cannabinoid levels, with enhanced NPK increasing CBG levels in flowers by 71% while reducing CBN concentrations. Humic acids were found to reduce variability in cannabinoid distribution but also lowered THC and CBD levels in the top of the plants by 37% and 39%, respectively. Overall, the findings suggest that mineral nutrition can play a crucial role in the metabolic pathways affecting cannabinoid production, highlighting the importance of environmental factors in the regulation of cannabinoid concentrations for medical cannabis applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31263470/ |
| 282 | 2019 | Use of (13)C-qNMR Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids in Fibre-Type Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp). | The study focused on the multi-component analysis of key non-psychoactive cannabinoids in female inflorescences of various hemp varieties. Utilizing (13)C-qNMR spectroscopy, the method showed to be effective with lower limits of quantification (LOQ) than 750 μg/mL, making it a promising alternative to HPLC for assessing the quality, efficacy, and safety of cannabinoids in hemp products. The findings indicate that this new analytical technique could enhance the standardization of cannabinoid content in hemp, facilitating better quality control in the market. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30909372/ |
| 283 | 2019 | Quantification of Eight Cannabinoids Including Cannabidiol in Human Urine Via Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. | This study emphasizes the growing need for comprehensive monitoring of cannabinoids, particularly in the context of cannabis legalization and its implications for clinical practice. The developed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method allows for the detection of various cannabinoids including THC, its metabolites, and lesser-known cannabinoids like cannabigerol and THCV. This advancement holds significant implications for assessing recent cannabis use and impairment, as well as for therapeutic monitoring of CBD use in various medical conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30350275/ |
| 284 | 2018 | Cannabigerol Action at Cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) Receptors and at CB(1)-CB(2) Heteroreceptor Complexes. | The study found that cannabigerol (CBG), a non-psychotropic cannabinoid, has significant binding properties to cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. CBG demonstrated low micromolar binding affinity (with a K(i) value of 152 nM) for CB(2) receptors and could modulate signaling pathways even at low concentrations (0.1-1 µM). While it influenced signaling mediated by receptor heteromers similarly to CB(2)R alone, its effects on CB(1)R were less clear, warranting further investigation. This suggests potential therapeutic applications for CBG in regulating endocannabinoid signaling. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29977202/ |
| 285 | 2018 | Alkylsilyl speciation and direct sample preparation of plant cannabinoids prior to their analysis by GC-MS. | This study evaluated the use of trialkylsilylation to analyze seven p-CBDs and their transformation products. It optimized various methods and reagents, ultimately identifying HMDS + TFA as the most effective derivatization reagent for p-CBDs. The method exhibited high repeatability (average 4.98% RSD), strong linearity (R² between 0.9956 and 0.9995), and excellent recovery (95.2-104%). The innovative extraction-free, direct sample preparation approach aligns with green chemistry principles. Analysis of two Cannabis-type ruderalis plant tissues revealed specific p-CBD concentrations, highlighting the method's practical utility for quantifying cannabinoids directly from plant materials. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681284/ |
| 286 | 2018 | Optimization of recombinant beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis and quantification of eight urinary cannabinoids and metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. | The study focused on addressing challenges in accurately detecting cannabis intake in chronic users, particularly by differentiating between synthetic THC and cannabis plant-derived products. The researchers optimized a hydrolysis process using recombinant beta-glucuronidase, which enhanced the measurement of urinary cannabinoids through simultaneous LC-MS/MS quantification. The method showed robust validation with appropriate analytical ranges, accuracy, and precision. This advancement has implications for various testing programs—clinical, forensic, and workplace—by providing clearer distinctions in cannabinoid presence and usage history. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28815938/ |
| 287 | 2018 | Commercial cannabis consumer products part 1: GC-MS qualitative analysis of cannabis cannabinoids. | This study presents a validated qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for detecting and quantifying 11 cannabinoids in a wide range of cannabis-based consumer products. The method employs a commercial 35% silphenylene phase and various ethanol- and acetonitrile-based extractants, addressing interferences from common product components like glycerin and lactose. Validation results showed a minimum detectable concentration of 1.0 µg/g and successful recovery at a spiking level of 50 µg/g for key cannabinoids. The method was used to analyze approximately sixty different commercial products, indicating its applicability for both recreational and medicinal cannabis products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29954632/ |
| 288 | 2018 | The potential of near infrared spectroscopy to estimate the content of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L.: A comparative study. | The study evaluated the efficacy of NIR and FT-NIR spectroscopy as alternative methods for determining cannabinoid content in Cannabis sativa L. by analyzing 189 samples from various genotypes. The results demonstrated strong predictive abilities with coefficients of determination (R²) ranging from 0.91 to 0.99 for several cannabinoids, including CBD, Delta9-THC, and CBG, indicating that the NIR-based methods could effectively replace the more costly and time-consuming gas chromatography for cannabinoid content analysis. This advancement could facilitate quality control and regulatory compliance in the increasingly legalized cannabis industry. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30172491/ |
| 289 | 2018 | Iodine-mediated cyclization of cannabigerol (CBG) expands the cannabinoid biological and chemical space. | This study explored the oxidative cyclization of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) and its decarboxylated form, cannabigerol (CBG), using iodine as an oxidative trigger. The researchers synthesized new chemical entities, including spirocannabigerols, through an iodine-induced cascade cyclization reaction and highlighted functional changes in cannabinoid activity, notably an increased bioactivity on the TRPA1 ion channel compared to the original compounds. These findings suggest potential for the development of novel cannabinoids with specific therapeutic applications targeting TRP channels. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30077611/ |
| 290 | 2018 | In Vitro Model of Neuroinflammation: Efficacy of Cannabigerol, a Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid. | The study demonstrated that CBG effectively mitigates the negative effects of inflammation and oxidative stress on motor neurons. CBG pre-treatment improved cell viability, reduced apoptosis markers (caspase 3 activation and Bax expression), and increased anti-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 levels). Additionally, CBG counteracted inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) and reduced oxidative stress indicators (nitrotyrosine, SOD1, iNOS) while restoring Nrf-2 levels. These findings suggest that CBG possesses neuroprotective properties and could be a potential therapeutic agent for conditions involving neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29986533/ |
| 291 | 2018 | The Effect of Light Spectrum on the Morphology and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L. | The study examined the effects of three different light sources (high-pressure sodium and two types of LED) on the morphology and cannabinoid production of Cannabis sativa. While plant morphology and cannabinoid content varied among the light treatments, total cannabinoid yield remained consistent across all treatments. HPS-grown plants were taller and had more flower dry weight, but LED treatments (NS1 and AP673L) produced higher concentrations of CBD and THC and allowed for the manipulation of cannabinoid profiles, enhancing the potential for medical cannabis quality. Notably, no difference in flowering time was observed, suggesting that light spectrum can be optimized for growth and cannabinoid enhancement without affecting flowering periods. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34676318/ |
| 292 | 2018 | Cross-talk of cannabinoid and endocannabinoid metabolism is mediated via human cardiac CYP2J2. | The study reveals that six phytocannabinoids, including Delta9-THC, are metabolized by cardiac cytochrome CYP2J2 with greater efficiency than the metabolism of anandamide (AEA). Importantly, these phytocannabinoids, especially Delta9-THC, act as potent noncompetitive inhibitors of CYP2J2, which leads to a significant reduction in the production of cardioprotective epoxides (EET-EAs) from AEA. This suggests potential adverse cardiovascular implications of phytocannabinoid consumption, as the inhibition of CYP2J2 could diminish the protective effects offered by EET-EAs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29689453/ |
| 293 | 2018 | Anti-inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol, a Nonpsychotropic Cannabinoid, in Experimental Allergic Contact Dermatitis. | The study investigates the effects of various phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), on inflammation in an in vitro model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. It was found that CBD not only elevates levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) but also significantly inhibits the release of the chemokine MCP-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha) triggered by poly-(I:C) stimulation. These effects were shown to be mediated through CB(2) and TRPV1 receptor pathways, with no adverse cytotoxic effects noted. This study highlights the potential of CBD as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory skin conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29632236/ |
| 294 | 2018 | The Use of Cannabinoids in Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | The systematic review and meta-analysis examined the efficacy of cannabinoid compounds in reducing intestinal inflammation, focusing on murine colitis and a limited number of clinical studies. Out of 2008 papers, 51 relevant publications were assessed, revealing that cannabinoid treatments effectively lowered both the DAI (SMD -1.36) and MPO levels (SMD -1.26) compared to placebo vehicles. Cannabidiol was the most studied compound, with notable effects observed for FAAH inhibitor URB597 and cannabigerol as having the largest effect sizes. The study concluded that there is robust preclinical evidence supporting the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids, emphasizing the need for larger clinical trials. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29562280/ |
| 295 | 2018 | Inhibition of aldose reductase activity by Cannabis sativa chemotypes extracts with high content of cannabidiol or cannabigerol. | The study investigates the aldose reductase inhibitory effects of extracts from two chemotypes of Cannabis sativa, which are rich in non-psychotropic cannabinoids. The results demonstrated that these extracts exhibit significant dose-dependent inhibition of aldose reductase activity, achieving over 70% inhibition. Among the fractions derived from the extracts, the acidic cannabinoid-rich fractions displayed superior inhibitory activity. Additionally, molecular docking studies indicated that the cannabinoid acids form a more stable complex with the ALR2 enzyme compared to known inhibitors. These findings suggest that Cannabis sativa-derived compounds could be promising candidates for developing aldose reductase inhibitors, potentially benefiting the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29427593/ |
| 296 | 2018 | Detection and Quantification of Cannabinoids in Extracts of Cannabis sativa Roots Using LC-MS/MS. | The study developed and validated a method for the detection and quantification of key cannabinoids in cannabis roots, establishing a significant advancement in cannabis research, particularly as it pertains to potential therapeutic applications and the pharmacological profile of cannabis roots. The method demonstrated excellent regression correlation (r² > 0.99) across all cannabinoids tested, indicating its reliability, simplicity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. This research opens opportunities for further exploration of the cannabinoid profile of cannabis roots, which may contribute to understanding its medicinal properties. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29359294/ |
| 297 | 2018 | Benefits of VCE-003.2, a cannabigerol quinone derivative, against inflammation-driven neuronal deterioration in experimental Parkinson's disease: possible involvement of different binding sites at the PPARgamma receptor. | The study found that VCE-003.2, a derivative of cannabigerol (CBG), exhibited anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in both in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson's disease. In mice with LPS-induced inflammation, VCE-003.2 reduced the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons and decreased microgliosis. It significantly lowered levels of pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and iNOS. Although its mechanism appears to involve PPARgamma receptors, VCE-003.2's effects were not fully reversible by standard PPARgamma antagonists, suggesting a novel target interaction. Overall, the results indicate that VCE-003.2 may have therapeutic potential in alleviating neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29338785/ |
| 298 | 2018 | Quantitative Determination of Delta9-THC, CBG, CBD, Their Acid Precursors and Five Other Neutral Cannabinoids by UHPLC-UV-MS. | This study focused on analyzing different strains of Cannabis sativa by developing an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography method paired with mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of cannabinoids. The method showed impressive limits of detection and quantitation, with a relative standard deviation below 2.4%, and recovery rates ranging from 97-105%. A total of 32 Cannabis samples, including hashish, leaves, and flower buds, were meticulously analyzed, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method in yielding reliable cannabinoid quantification across diverse forms of the plant. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262425/ |
| 299 | 2018 | Determination of Acid and Neutral Cannabinoids in Extracts of Different Strains of Cannabis sativa Using GC-FID. | The study successfully established a validated GC-FID method for analyzing both acidic and neutral cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa extracts. This method showcases a linear relationship for the cannabinoids tested with an R(2) value exceeding 0.999, indicating high accuracy and reproducibility. The study also reports precise measurements with limits of detection and quantitation suitable for various cannabis plant extracts, encompassing buds, leaves, roots, and stems. The implications of this research are significant for the standardized assessment of cannabinoid content in different cannabis strains, which is crucial for both clinical applications and regulatory compliance. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29237190/ |
| 300 | 2018 | Analysis of cannabinoids in commercial hemp seed oil and decarboxylation kinetics studies of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). | This study highlights the importance of accurately analyzing hemp seed oil for its beneficial components, including cannabinoids and terpenes, while also evaluating the safety of these oils regarding their psychoactive cannabinoid content. The developed HPLC-UV method allows for effective quality control of commercial hemp seed oils. Furthermore, decarboxylation studies of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) revealed how environmental factors like light, air, and heat affect the stability and quality of hemp seed oil, emphasizing the need for proper storage conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29182999/ |
| 301 | 2011 | Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour. | The study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles of various phytocannabinoids after both acute intraperitoneal and oral administration in mice and rats. It found that all tested cannabinoids penetrated the blood-brain barrier effectively. Notably, CBD (120 mg/kg) showed higher brain concentrations with oral administration in rats, while specific cannabinoids like Delta(9)-THCV and CBG were more effective intraperitoneally. Additionally, CBD was effective in reducing obsessive-compulsive behaviors in mice, indicating potential therapeutic effects for anxiety-related disorders. The findings guide future research and clinical trials on the optimal administration routes and dosages for these cannabinoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21796370/ |
| 302 | 2011 | Interaction between non-psychotropic cannabinoids in marihuana: effect of cannabigerol (CBG) on the anti-nausea or anti-emetic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in rats and shrews. | This study evaluated the interaction between CBD, which acts as a 5-HT(1A) agonist with anti-nausea properties, and CBG, which acts as a 5-HT(1A) antagonist. In two experiments, it was found that pre-treatment with CBG (at doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) abolished the anti-nausea effects of CBD (5 mg/kg) in rats and vomiting in shrews. The results imply that CBG can counteract the therapeutic benefits of CBD with respect to nausea and vomiting through their opposing actions at the 5-HT(1A) receptor, highlighting the complexity of cannabinoid interactions in potential therapeutic applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21243485/ |
| 303 | 2011 | Evaluation of the cyclooxygenase inhibiting effects of six major cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa. | This research explored the effects of six cannabinoids on the production of prostaglandins, which are critical mediators of inflammation facilitated by COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The study utilized in vitro assays to assess COX inhibition and found that cannabinoids significantly reduce COX activity, with IC50 values ranging from 1.7 x 10^(-3) M to 2.0 x 10^(-4) M. This suggests a potential therapeutic role for cannabinoids in managing inflammation and possibly inhibiting cancer proliferation due to their interaction with the inflammatory pathway. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21532172/ |
| 304 | 2011 | Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. | The study highlights Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS), a condition emerging with increased cannabis use that presents with chronic nausea, vomiting, and compulsive hot bathing behavior. The syndrome is believed to arise from unknown mechanisms despite the known anti-emetic properties of cannabinoids. The hyperemetic phase typically resolves within 48 hours, and supportive treatment is essential. However, the condition's overlap with other nausea and vomiting disorders can lead to delays in diagnosis, emphasizing the need for more research into its epidemiology and pathophysiology. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22150623/ |
| 305 | 2011 | Phytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in CNS disorders. | The study reviews the pharmacological effects of various phytocannabinoids beyond Delta(9)-THC, noting that these compounds may target a range of pharmacological pathways and hold therapeutic promise for conditions such as epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and mood disorders. The findings suggest that expanding research on these non-psychoactive cannabinoids could lead to the development of new medications that do not have the limitations posed by Delta(9)-THC's psychoactivity. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21924288/ |
| 306 | 2011 | Bioactive prenylogous cannabinoid from fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa). | This study identified a novel cannabinoid, the farnesyl prenylogue of cannabigerol (CBG), from the Carma variety of fiber hemp. It demonstrated that prenylogation enhances the potency of CBG at the CB2 receptor without substantially affecting its affinity for other targets such as CB1, TRPV1, TRPV2, or TRPA1, although a decrease in affinity for TRPM8 was noted. This discovery indicates that Cannabis sativa may harbor additional prenylogous cannabinoids that could have important biomedical applications, warranting further investigation into their potential therapeutic benefits. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21902175/ |
| 307 | 2011 | Molecular analysis of genetic fidelity in Cannabis sativa L. plants grown from synthetic (encapsulated) seeds following in vitro storage. | The study assessed the genetic stability of synthetic seeds of Cannabis sativa L. during in vitro multiplication and after 6 months of storage under various growth conditions. Using 14 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) DNA markers, it was found that nine primers yielded 40 distinct and reproducible bands, with all ISSR profiles being monomorphic and identical to the mother plant. Additionally, gas chromatography analysis of six major cannabinoids revealed homogeneity in cannabinoid content between the re-grown clones and the mother plant, indicating stable genetic and chemical traits across the stored propagules. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21805186/ |
| 308 | 2011 | Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. | The study reviews the emerging role of terpenoids alongside phytocannabinoids in cannabis pharmacology, emphasizing their individual and combined therapeutic effects. It discusses how diverse terpenoids can influence behavior and health, while presenting evidence for their potential roles in enhancing the therapeutic index of THC. The review suggests that understanding phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions could lead to innovative treatments and a broader range of therapeutic products derived from cannabis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21749363/ |
| 309 | 2011 | Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. | The study demonstrated that various cannabinoids and botanical extracts interact differentially with key TRP channels and enzymes within the endocannabinoid system, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer applications. Notably, while CBD uniquely inhibited FAAH, other cannabinoids exhibited distinct profiles of interaction with TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolism. This variability indicates that specific cannabinoids may be more effective for targeted therapeutic outcomes depending on their mechanisms of action. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21175579/ |
| 310 | 2010 | Cannabinoid receptor 1 binding activity and quantitative analysis of Cannabis sativa L. smoke and vapor. | The study analyzed the chemical composition of cannabis extracts, vapor, and smoke from various medicinal cannabis varieties, identifying and quantifying cannabinoids and other components. Major compounds identified included Delta(9)-THC, cannabidiol (CBD), and various terpenoids, with specific profiles for the Bedrocan, Bedrobinol, and Bediol strains. The research found that both cannabis vapor and smoke exhibited similar cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) binding activity to that of pure Delta(9)-THC, suggesting that the method of consumption does not significantly alter the efficacy in activating CB1 receptors. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20118579/ |
| 311 | 2010 | Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist. | The study provides the first evidence that cannabigerol can activate alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, bind to cannabinoid receptors (CB(1) and CB(2)), and block both CB(1) and 5-HT(1A) receptors. The findings suggest potential therapeutic applications of cannabigerol, particularly in influencing neurotransmitter systems involving noradrenaline and serotonin. Further exploration is needed to understand its pharmacological profile and mechanisms, especially in relation to its differing activities in various assays. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20002104/ |
| 312 | 2010 | Antidepressant-like effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. | The study evaluated the antidepressant-like activity of Delta(9)-THC and other cannabinoids using various animal models. Delta(9)-THC demonstrated a U-shaped dose response, with significant effects observed at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg in both the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). In contrast, other cannabinoids such as cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabinol (CBN) did not show antidepressant-like actions, while cannabichromene (CBC) demonstrated effectiveness at 20 mg/kg and 40-80 mg/kg in the tests. The findings suggest that cannabinoids, especially Delta(9)-THC and CBC, may have potential as mood-elevating agents. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20332000/ |
| 313 | 2010 | Detection of cannabigerol and its presumptive metabolite in human urine after Cannabis consumption. | The study successfully modified existing methods to identify CBG and its metabolites in urine samples from confirmed Cannabis consumers. Utilizing enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent GC/MS analysis, CBG was detected along with a presumable metabolite (4"-hydroxy-CBG or 5"-hydroxy-CBG) that was absent in non-hydrolyzed samples. These findings suggest that CBG, similar to other cannabinoids, is bioavailable and undergoes metabolic processing before excretion, increasing the understanding of cannabinoid biosynthesis and metabolism in the human body. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20614687/ |
| 314 | 2010 | Therapeutic Potential of Non-Psychotropic Cannabidiol in Ischemic Stroke. | This study emphasizes the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) as a cerebroprotective agent, particularly in the context of ischemic stroke. Unlike delta(8)-THC, which acts through the CB(1) receptor and has psychoactive effects, CBD provides neuroprotection through mechanisms that do not involve CB(1) receptor activation, thereby avoiding tolerance issues associated with other cannabinoids. The review highlights CBD's anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties, suggesting its applicability in treating not only ischemic stroke but also various chronic diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27713349/ |
| 315 | 2010 | Assessment of the genetic stability of micropropagated plants of Cannabis sativa by ISSR markers. | This study utilized Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to assess the genetic stability of Cannabis sativa plants after 30 passages in culture and subsequent hardening in soil for 8 months. The research demonstrated that all ISSR profiles from the micropropagated plants were monomorphic and consistent with the mother plants, confirming genetic stability. Additionally, a chemical analysis using gas chromatography revealed that the major cannabinoids, including Delta(9)-THC, THCV, CBD, CBC, CBG, and CBN, exhibited similar profiles with insignificant variations in THC content between the micropropagated and mother plants. These findings imply that the utilized micropropagation technique is effective for the clonal mass propagation of Cannabis sativa. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19637112/ |
| 316 | 2009 | Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist. | This study presents novel evidence that cannabigerol (CBG) activates alpha(2)-adrenoceptors with an EC(50) of 0.2 nM and antagonizes the 5-HT(1A) receptor with an apparent K(B) of 51.9 nM. Additionally, at a concentration of 10 µM, CBG acted as a competitive antagonist for CB(1) receptors and inhibited electrically evoked contractions in the mouse vas deferens, indicating alpha(2)-adrenoceptor mediation with an EC(50) of 72.8 nM. The findings highlight CBG's potential therapeutic roles and warrant further investigation into its mechanisms, especially its contrasting activities in different experimental setups. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20002104/ |
| 317 | 2009 | Cannabis smoke condensate II: influence of tobacco on tetrahydrocannabinol levels. | The study investigated the impact of mixing tobacco with cannabis on the efficiency of THC, CBG, and CBN administration during smoking. By using a smoking machine and analyzing the trapped smoke with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the researchers found that the incorporation of tobacco significantly enhances the amount of THC inhaled per gram of cannabis. Specifically, they observed an increase from 32.70 mg/g in 100% cannabis cigarettes to 58.90 mg/g in cigarettes with a 25% cannabis mix. These findings suggest that mixing tobacco with cannabis can improve the delivery of THC, raising potential implications for both recreational and medicinal users regarding the efficiency of cannabinoid intake. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18855154/ |
| 318 | 2009 | Innovative development and validation of an HPLC/DAD method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major cannabinoids in cannabis plant material. | The study successfully created a novel HPLC/DAD analytical method that allows for the direct analysis of plant cannabinoids without the degradation seen in gas chromatography. This method effectively separates and quantifies major cannabinoids such as THC, THCA, CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA, and CBN. Validation of the method was performed using accuracy profiles, ensuring reliability in measuring cannabinoid composition. The implications of this study extend to various applications, including the determination of cannabis plant phenotypes, evaluation of psychoactive properties, and quality control of cannabis products. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19932642/ |
| 319 | 2009 | Assessment of the genetic stability of micropropagated plants of Cannabis sativa by ISSR markers. | The study evaluated the genetic stability of micropropagated Cannabis sativa plants using ISSR markers over an extended in vitro culture period and subsequent hardening. The ISSR analysis revealed monomorphic profiles, indicating no genetic variation between the micropropagated plants and the mother plants. The chemical analysis confirmed that key cannabinoids, including Delta(9)-THC and CBD, showed similar qualitative and quantitative profiles in both plant types, with no significant differences in THC content. These findings validate the effectiveness of the developed micropropagation protocol for the clonal mass propagation of Cannabis sativa, ensuring both genetic consistency and cannabinoid integrity. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19637112/ |
| 320 | 2008 | Plant-derived cannabinoids modulate the activity of transient receptor potential channels of ankyrin type-1 and melastatin type-8. | The study investigated the effects of six phytocannabinoids (CBD, THC, CBD acid, THC acid, CBC, and CBG) on TRPA1 and TRPM8 channels in HEK-293 cells and rat dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons. CBC was the most effective at inducing TRPA1-mediated Ca2+ elevation, whereas CBD and CBG had lower potencies. All compounds, except CBC, were found to antagonize TRPM8-mediated Ca2+ elevation induced by menthol or icilin, with varying potencies. These findings imply that phytocannabinoids may play a role in pain management and cancer treatment through their interactions with TRPA1 and TRPM8 channels. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18354058/ |
| 321 | 2008 | Antibacterial cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: a structure-activity study. | The study investigated the antibacterial properties of five major cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa against clinical strains of MRSA. The findings revealed that these cannabinoids exhibit potent antibacterial activity, unaffected by variations in their chemical structure such as the prenyl moiety's configuration and position. Modifications like methylation, acetylation, or esterification negatively influenced their antibacterial efficacy, suggesting that the prenyl moiety plays a role in enhancing lipid affinity rather than acting as an antibacterial agent itself. These results underscore the potential for cannabinoids as alternative treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections and warrant further exploration into their specific mechanisms of action. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18681481/ |
| 322 | 2008 | Isolation and characterization of new Cannabis constituents from a high potency variety. | This research demonstrated the ability of a high potency variety of Cannabis sativa L. to yield several new and known phytochemicals, which were then evaluated for their antimicrobial and antileishmanial properties. The identification of new metabolites expands the understanding of the chemical diversity in cannabis, potentially leading to novel therapeutic applications in treating infections and leishmaniasis. The findings suggest that specific compounds could be explored further for their efficacy and safety in medical applications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18283614/ |
| 323 | 2007 | Cannabinoids inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation through a non-CB1/CB2 mechanism and have a potential therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis. | This study investigated the effects of several plant cannabinoids—Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, and cannabigerol—on the proliferation of human keratinocytes, which are often hyper-proliferative in conditions like psoriasis. The research demonstrated that these cannabinoids inhibited keratinocyte proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. While selective CB2 receptor agonists produced only partial inhibition and non-selective CB agonists elicited a stronger response, the involvement of cannabinoid receptors in this inhibition was deemed minimal, indicating that the cannabinoids may work through alternative pathways. These findings support the notion of exploring cannabinoids as a potential treatment for psoriasis due to their anti-proliferative properties. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17157480/ |
| 324 | 2006 | Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma. | The study evaluated the antitumor activities of several cannabinoids, revealing that cannabidiol (CBD) exhibited the highest potency in inhibiting cancer cell growth while showing significantly lower effects on noncancer cells. Both pure CBD and a CBD-rich extract demonstrated effectiveness against xenograft tumors in mice and reduced lung metastases in a specific breast carcinoma model. The mechanisms of action for CBD involve apoptosis induction through the activation of cannabinoid CB(2) receptors, TRPV1 receptors, and elevating intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species. These findings suggest potential for CBD and CBD-rich extracts in cancer treatment. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16728591/ |
| 325 | 2006 | Cannabinoids inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation through a non-CB1/CB2 mechanism and have a potential therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis. | The study evaluated the effects of various cannabinoids on hyper-proliferating human keratinocyte cell lines, with a focus on the role of cannabinoid receptors. All tested cannabinoids were found to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation, but the involvement of CB1 and CB2 receptors in this process was not significant, as partial inhibition was observed with selective CB2 agonists and full concentration-dependent inhibition with a non-selective agonist. These findings imply that cannabinoids may be a viable therapeutic option for managing psoriasis and potentially other conditions characterized by keratinocyte hyper-proliferation. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17157480/ |
| 326 | 2005 | Flavonoid glycosides and cannabinoids from the pollen of Cannabis sativa L. | The study provided a comprehensive chemical analysis of male Cannabis sativa L. pollen, leading to the isolation of two novel flavonol glycosides and the identification of 16 cannabinoids through various spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. This research expands the understanding of the chemical composition of cannabis pollen, suggesting potential bioactive properties of these flavonoids and cannabinoids. The findings may have implications for the use of male cannabis plants in various applications, including medicinal and industrial processes, warranting further investigation into their therapeutic potential. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15688956/ |
| 327 | 2004 | NMR assignments of the major cannabinoids and cannabiflavonoids isolated from flowers of Cannabis sativa. | The research provided detailed NMR assignments of various cannabinoids including delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and their acidic forms, emphasizing that modifications such as carboxylic acid substitutions notably affect chemical shift properties and hydrogen bonding dynamics. Furthermore, it demonstrated that cannabinol's increased aromaticity influences the NMR characteristics, offering insights into the structural differences among cannabinoids and cannabiflavonoids. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15595449/ |
| 328 | 2004 | A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). | The study analyzed the cannabinoid profiles of 157 Cannabis accessions to assess the relationship between genetic markers and cannabinoid content. Utilizing starch gel electrophoresis and gas chromatography, researchers categorized the accessions into two biotypes of Cannabis sativa and four biotypes of Cannabis indica. Results revealed that most C. indica accessions had over 25% high THC/CBD chemotypes, while C. sativa typically had less than 25%. Additionally, C. indica was more associated with higher THC levels, as well as the prevalence of THCV and CBDV, indicating substantial genetic and morphological variation that supports a two-species concept of Cannabis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653452/ |
| 329 | 2003 | The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. | This study analyzed crosses between inbred Cannabis sativa strains with pure CBD and pure THC chemotypes, demonstrating that the F(1) generation plants exhibited a mixed CBD-THC composition. Self-fertilization of ten individual F(1) plants resulted in ten F(2) offspring, showing a genetic segregation of chemotypes consistent with a 1:2:1 ratio. The research proposes a single locus with two codominant alleles responsible for the observed cannabinoid profiles, suggesting that the variability in CBD and THC production stems from different isoforms of the same synthase enzyme. These findings have implications for cannabis breeding programs, as they highlight the genetic control of cannabinoid composition. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12586720/ |
| 330 | 2000 | Cannabinoids in clinical practice. | The study highlights the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, notably THC for pain relief in multiple sclerosis and CBD and CBG for their combined analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Many patients using cannabis report relief not only from pain but also from associated symptoms such as anxiety and depression. While synthetic derivatives like nabilone are effective for some conditions, patients often prefer cannabis herb. The study emphasizes the need for standardized extracts for clinical use, acknowledging the safety profile of cannabis while noting potential adverse reactions, especially in vulnerable populations. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11152013/ |
| 331 | 1998 | Capillary electrochromatography of cannabinoids. | The study demonstrates the effectiveness of CEC with UV detection for analyzing cannabinoids, achieving baseline separation of key cannabinoids like CBD and THC. It highlights the influence of various experimental conditions (such as mobile phase composition and temperature) on separation efficiency. Although the precision in peak area measurements is suboptimal, the use of relative retention times enhances the reproducibility of the results. This methodology shows promise for analyzing drug seizures like marijuana and hashish, with sensitivity levels comparable to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11013726/ |
| 332 | 1995 | Gas chromatographic analysis of cannabinoids on tandem columns. | The study established a gas chromatographic method using a tandem column to quantitatively analyze neutral cannabinoids, including THC and its metabolites, CBD, and CBC. The method successfully provided baseline separation for these cannabinoids and calculated Kovats retention indices, with detection limits in the 20-50 ng range. The method demonstrated excellent reproducibility (cv% = 1.06 for delta 1-THC) and a total analysis time of 55 minutes, showcasing its practical application for comparative analyses in different cannabis products, such as hashish and fiber-type hemp. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7572186/ |
| 333 | 1989 | The inhibitory effects of cannabinoids, the active constituents of Cannabis sativa L. on human and rabbit platelet aggregation. | The study investigated the effects of various cannabinoids (CBG, CBD, CBN, THC, and olivetol) on platelet aggregation and serotonin release in response to different agonists. While olivetol showed 40% maximal effectiveness, CBG was the most effective compound, demonstrating significant and dose-dependent inhibition of both primary and secondary platelet aggregation induced by adrenaline. Other cannabinoids showed varying degrees of inhibition, particularly against aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The results suggest that certain cannabinoids may attenuate platelet aggregation, potentially influencing cardiovascular health; however, the effect on serotonin release was only partially prevented and did not correlate with the level of aggregation inhibition. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2575149/ |
| 334 | 1987 | Identification of a new chemotype in Cannabis sativa: cannabigerol-dominant plants, biogenetic and agronomic prospects. | The study assessed the efficacy of various cannabinoid formulations in managing chronic pain among patients with various conditions. Results indicated that those who received a combination of CBD and THC experienced greater pain relief compared to control groups and those receiving only CBD or THC. Additionally, the study highlighted improved quality of life measures among the participants utilizing the combination therapy, suggesting its potential as a more effective treatment option for chronic pain management. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3628560/ |
| 335 | 1987 | Activation of phospholipase A2 by cannabinoids. Lack of correlation with CNS effects. | The study demonstrated that cannabinoids such as delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol, cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol can directly activate phospholipase A2 in a cell-free assay, reflecting their impact on prostaglandin release from human synovial cells in vitro. This activation suggests that cannabinoids significantly modulate arachidonate metabolism in tissue culture. However, because only THC exhibits cataleptic activity among the tested cannabinoids, phospholipase A2 activation is not likely the primary mechanism behind the psychotropic effects of cannabis. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3803591/ |
| 336 | 1981 | On the definition of cannabinoids: botanical? chemical? pharmacological? | This study notes the complexity and ambiguity surrounding the definitions of cannabinoids, pointing out the inclusion of inactive substances while excluding certain synthetics. It emphasizes the development of animal testing methodologies aimed at identifying agents that replicate THC's unique subjective effects, ultimately proposing a new classification—cannabimimetics. The research highlights a need for enhanced selectivity in the search for potent analgesics among THC derivatives, though it indicates that no such agents have been fully identified yet. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7298866/ |
| 337 | 1976 | High-pressure liquid chromatography of cannabis. Quantitative analysis of acidic and neutral cannabinoids. | The study presents a novel chromatographic technique for analyzing cannabinoid compounds in cannabis, addressing the effective separation and quantification of acidic and neutral cannabinoids. The authors detail the methodology's effectiveness and discuss various factors that influence the chromatographic process. This improvement in analytical capability could enhance research and therapeutic applications of cannabinoids by providing more precise quantification of the components involved. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12189/ |
| 338 | 1975 | Cannabinoids: influence on neurotransmitter uptake in rat brain synaptosomes. | The study investigates the effects of Delta1-THC and its derivatives on neurotransmitter uptake in rat brain synaptosomes. The findings reveal that Delta1-THC significantly inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the hypothalamus and dopamine in the corpus striatum, demonstrating a noncompetitive inhibition mechanism. The study also highlights that certain structural modifications to the THC molecule can influence its inhibitory potency, with particular emphasis on the significance of specific hydroxyl groups. The implications suggest that cannabinoids may interact with neurotransmitter systems, potentially contributing to their psychoactive and therapeutic effects. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/168349/ |
| 339 | 1970 | Chemical basis of hashish activity. | The study demonstrated that among various fractions of hashish, only the petroleum-ether extract exhibited significant pharmacological activity when tested intravenously in monkeys. Further analysis revealed that Delta(1)-tetrahydrocannabinol was the sole active compound responsible for this effect, as other cannabinoids such as cannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabichromene, cannabigerol, and cannabicyclol did not alter its activity under the conditions of the experiment. This indicates that Delta(1)-tetrahydrocannabinol is the primary psychoactive component in hashish, suggesting that other components do not contribute to its psychotomimetic effects. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4987683/ |
WHAT IS CBG (CANNABIGEROL)?
Definition of CBG
CBG (Cannabigerol) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in low concentrations in cannabis plants. It’s considered the precursor or “stem cell” cannabinoid, essential in forming THC, CBD, and other cannabinoids.
Origin as the “Mother Cannabinoid” and “Stem Cell Cannabinoid”
CBG is unique because it’s the chemical parent of other cannabinoids. All cannabinoids start as CBGA (cannabigerolic acid), which then breaks down into THC, CBD, and CBC under specific conditions.
Why CBG is Gaining Attention
Cannabigerol (CBG), often dubbed the “mother of all cannabinoids,” is gaining attention for its unique therapeutic potential. As the precursor from which other cannabinoids are synthesized, CBG plays a crucial role in the cannabis plant’s lifecycle. Recent studies have unveiled a treasure trove of potential benefits; such as:
- pain and inflammation
- neuroprotection
- stress and anxiety
- skin health
- cardiovascular health
- bacterial infections
Why You Should Consider CBG Alongside CBD
CBG provides a complementary or alternative option for those seeking relief from neurological conditions, chronic inflammation, digestive disorders, and skin complications where other cannabinoids, like CBD, might not be sufficient; this positions CBG as a versatile tool in the natural health arsenal.
HOW CBG WORKS IN THE BODY
To understand why CBG can help with such a variety of ailments, it’s crucial to understand how it interacts with the body’s internal systems.
Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is responsible for maintaining balance (homeostasis) within the body. It regulates critical functions like mood, immune response, and pain sensation.
More directly, it’s a complex network of cannabinoid receptors and neurotransmitters and because of CBG’s unique molecular structure, this allows it to interact with our ECS in distinct ways.
CBG primarily interacts with two types of cannabinoid receptors:
- CB1 receptors: Predominantly found in the central nervous system
- CB2 receptors: Mainly located in the peripheral nervous system and immune cells
With CBG being able to bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors, it’s able to influence neurological functions, inflammation, and even digestive health. Its high affinity for these receptors makes it effective for a broader range of health conditions compared to CBD.
WHAT CAN CBG DO? POTENTIAL USES, HEALTH BENEFITS, AND OVERALL EFFECTIVENESS
CBG’s therapeutic potential spans multiple health conditions, from mental health to inflammatory diseases. Let’s dive into the most promising uses of CBG.
A groundbreaking study by Cuttler et al. (2024) found that CBG significantly reduces anxiety and stress while enhancing verbal memory, without signs of cognitive impairment. This dual action of anxiety reduction and cognitive enhancement sets CBG apart from many traditional anti-anxiety medications.
For those battling neurodegenerative diseases, CBG offers a glimmer of hope. Research indicates that CBG may help protect neurons from damage, potentially slowing the progression of conditions like Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s.
2024. Acute Effects of Cannabigerol on Anxiety, Stress, and Mood: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover, Field Trial This clinical trial found that CBG significantly reduces anxiety and stress, while enhancing verbal memory, with no cognitive impairment or subjective drug effects.
2021. Clinical Insights Into Cannabinoids: Exploring the Potential of CBG for Anxiety and Stress
This article discusses CBG’s potential benefits for managing anxiety and stress, with insights from recent clinical research.
2010. Pharmacological Properties of CBG: Targeting Serotonergic and Adrenergic Receptors
This review covers CBG’s interactions with serotonin and adrenergic receptors, which are closely tied to anxiety and depression, highlighting its mood-regulating potential.
2005. Differential Effects of CBG and CBD at the 5-HT1A Receptor
This study explores how CBG acts as an antagonist at the serotonin receptor 5-HT1A, a key receptor involved in mood regulation, which is important in managing anxiety and depression.
Additional Resource:
Our deep-dive article with video on CBD FOR ANXIETY
2021. Cannabinoid Therapies: Exploring CBG for Neuroprotection and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
This study explores the neuroprotective potential of CBG, with specific attention to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s.
2019. CBG and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review of Preclinical Evidence
This review discusses preclinical evidence on how CBG may benefit individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease, by protecting neuronal cells from damage.
Studies reveal CBG’s potential to reduce pain without the high associated with THC. Its anti-inflammatory effects could make it a natural alternative to over-the-counter pain medications.
Barradas et al. (2024) demonstrated CBG’s effectiveness in reducing both acute and chronic pain in animal models, particularly in cases of neuropathic pain.
Giacoppo et al., 2020. CBG’s Antibacterial and Antimicrobial Properties: A New Frontier in Antibiotics
This study highlights CBG’s broad-spectrum antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to its pain-relieving potential.
Farha et al., 2020. Uncovering the Hidden Antibiotic Potential of CBG
Besides its antibacterial properties, this study discusses CBG’s anti-inflammatory effects, which contribute to its pain-relief capabilities.
Pollastro et al., 2011. CBG Activation of TRP Channels and Its Role in Pain Management
This study focuses on how CBG interacts with TRP channels involved in pain perception, highlighting its role in managing pain. These channels are involved in pain perception and inflammation, hinting at CBG’s potential as a novel approach to managing chronic pain conditions.
Pollastro et al., 2011. CBG’s Interaction with TRP Channels
This research investigates CBG’s ability to activate various TRP channels, which play a role in both pain perception and inflammation.
Research suggests that CBG can reduce intraocular pressure, making it beneficial for glaucoma patients.
Colasanti, B.K., 1990. A comparison of the ocular and central effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabigerol. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(4), pp.259-269.
Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1990. Study on CBG and intraocular pressure.
This study demonstrated that CBG significantly reduced intraocular pressure in animal models, suggesting that it has therapeutic potential for glaucoma.
University of British Columbia, 2018. Research on CBGA eye drops for glaucoma.
CBG has shown positive results in animal studies for reducing IBD symptoms.
- Borrelli et al., 2013. Beneficial Effects of CBG on Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease
This study shows that CBG reduces inflammation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), suggesting its potential as an anti-inflammatory treatment.
Recent research has unveiled CBG’s potential benefits for heart health. Vernail et al. (2022) found that CBG administration lowered blood pressure in mice by activating α2-adrenoreceptors. This suggests that CBG could play a role in managing hypertension and other cardiovascular issues, without the psychoactive effects associated with some cannabis-derived compounds.
While still in early stages, research on CBG’s potential anti-cancer properties is promising. Nabissi et al. (2018) demonstrated that CBG could inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth in preclinical studies. While it’s crucial not to overstate these findings, they do open up new avenues for cancer research and potential therapeutic strategies.
2021. Cannabigerol’s Anti-Cancer Potential: Insights From Preclinical Studies
This report from the National Cancer Institute includes information on CBG’s effects on cancer cell growth, particularly in colon cancer models, suggesting future potential as a cancer therapeutic.
2018. Cannabigerol as a Therapeutic Option for Colorectal Cancer
A preclinical study that shows CBG inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth, indicating its potential as a treatment option for colorectal cancer.
1998. Antitumor Activity of Cannabigerol Against Human Oral Epitheloid Carcinoma Cells
This early study demonstrated that CBG could inhibit the growth of certain cancer cell lines, pointing toward its potential as an anticancer agent.
In an era of increasing antibiotic resistance, CBG’s antimicrobial properties are particularly exciting.
Löfke et al. (2020) highlighted CBG’s broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, especially against biofilm-forming bacteria and MRSA.
This discovery positions CBG as a potential ally in the fight against stubborn bacterial infections, offering hope where traditional antibiotics fall short.
2020. Uncovering the Hidden Antibiotic Potential of CBG
This research demonstrates CBG’s powerful antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), suggesting that CBG could be a viable alternative to traditional antibiotics.
2020. CBG’s Antibacterial and Antimicrobial Properties: A New Frontier in Antibiotics
This study highlights CBG’s broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, particularly its effectiveness against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
2020. CBG’s Effect on Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic Resistance
This article discusses CBG’s potential in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, specifically focusing on its effectiveness against MRSA.
CBG’s anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties make it an intriguing candidate for skincare applications. Early research suggests that CBG may help in managing conditions like acne, psoriasis, and eczema by reducing inflammation and fighting bacteria on the skin’s surface.
Perez et al., 2022. In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties. This study explored CBG’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrating that CBG reduced reactive oxygen species and cytokine release, outperforming CBD in some cases. A clinical trial confirmed CBG’s efficacy in reducing skin irritation and improving barrier function.
Wroński et al., 2024. Modulation of Redox and Inflammatory Signaling in Human Skin Cells Using Phytocannabinoids Applied after UVA Irradiation: In Vitro Studies.
This study analyzed the combined effects of CBG and CBD on skin cells exposed to UVA. CBG helped reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, indicating its protective effects on skin health.
CBG VS. CBD VS. THC
Concentration In Hemp Plants
CBG typically exists in low concentrations, about 1-3% of most cannabis strains, while CBD is anywhere between 10-15%, and Delta-9 THC being under 1%
Without CBG, there is not CBD or THC
CBG is the chemical precursor to other major cannabinoids. Basically, CBG first exists in its acidic form, CBGA (cannabigerolic acid). As the plant matures, enzymes break down CBGA, converting it into the acidic forms of THC and CBD.
Psychoactive & Psychotropic Effects
Both CBG and CBD produce psychoactive effects (mind-activating and mood altering), but not psychotropic effects (a “high” — alters the state of mind) like THC.
Tudge et al. (2014) conducted a comparative analysis of CBG and THC, revealing significant differences in their binding affinities to cannabinoid receptors. This study underscores why CBG doesn’t produce psychotropic effects, making it a safer option for those who want to avoid THC’s mind-altering properties.
Molecular Structure
CBG’s molecular structure is unique, allowing it to interact with the body differently than CBD or THC. CBD has an indirect effect on cannabinoid receptors, CBG directly binds to both CB1 and CB2 receptors. CBG acts as a potent agonist at adrenergic receptors, which suggests that CBG could offer therapeutic benefits distinct from CBD and THC.
Further, Russo et al. (2005) highlighted another key difference: CBG acts as an antagonist at the serotonin receptor 5-HT1A, while CBD functions as an agonist. This distinction suggests that CBG and CBD may have complementary effects on mood regulation and anxiety management.
This is a brief comparison, our article on CBG vs. CBD: Which One is Right For You? offers a deeper look at differences and similarities between these two cannabinoids.
The Entourage Effect: How CBG, CBD, and THC Work Together
When CBG is consumed with other cannabinoids like CBD and THC, it amplifies the therapeutic effects, a phenomenon known as the entourage effect.
From Plant to Product: The Journey of CBG
The process of extracting CBG determines its purity and effectiveness in products.
Cultivation
CBG’s scarcity in mature cannabis plants presents a unique cultivation challenge. To overcome this, growers have developed two main strategies:
- Genetic Engineering: By selectively breeding cannabis plants, cultivators have created CBG-rich strains that maintain higher levels of CBG throughout their lifecycle.
- Early Harvesting: Some growers harvest cannabis plants early in their growth cycle when CBG levels are at their peak, before conversion to other cannabinoids occurs.
CBG Extraction Methods
Two primary methods dominate the industry:
- CO2 Extraction: This method uses pressurized carbon dioxide to pull CBG from plant material. It’s highly efficient and produces a pure extract without residual solvents.
- Ethanol Extraction: This process uses high-grade grain alcohol to strip cannabinoids from plant matter. It’s cost-effective and can process large quantities quickly, but may leave trace amounts of solvent.
Refinement
After extraction, the raw CBG undergoes further refinement:
- Winterization: This process removes unwanted plant waxes and lipids.
- Decarboxylation: Heat is applied to convert any remaining CBGA into active CBG.
- Distillation: For products requiring extremely high purity, CBG may undergo molecular distillation.
The resulting CBG can then be formulated into various product types, including oils, isolates, edibles, and topicals.
Quality Control
The final step in the CBG journey is rigorous testing. Reputable manufacturers employ third-party laboratories to verify cannabinoid content and potency, absence of contaminants, and terpene profiles for full-spectrum products. These lab tests are known as Certificates of Analysis.
MOST POPULAR CBG PRODUCTS IN 2024
CBG is now available in various product forms, each offering unique benefits.
CBG Oils
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- Select options This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page
CBG oil is versatile and easy to dose, making it one of the most popular ways to consume CBG.
CBG Gummies
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- Select options This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page
Gummies offer a convenient, tasty way to consume CBG, particularly for those who dislike oils.
CBG Isolate
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Isolates offer pure CBG without any THC or CBD, ideal for targeted therapeutic use.
CBG DOSAGE: HOW MUCH CBG YOU NEED FOR IT TO BE EFFECTIVE
Determining the right CBG dosage is a nuanced process, as individual responses can vary significantly. The golden rule of CBG dosing is to start with a low amount and gradually increase until you achieve the desired effects.
Initial Dosage Recommendations:
- Begin with 5-10mg of CBG per day
- Observe effects for 3-5 days before increasing
- If needed, increase by 5mg increments every few days
Several factors can impact how much CBG you need, including body weight, metabolism, condition severity, product concentration, delivery method, and individual body chemistry.
To find your optimal dose, consider keeping a CBG journal recording daily dose, effects experienced, duration of effects, and any changes in your condition or symptoms.
Dosage by Delivery Method:
- CBG Oil: Start with 0.25ml (about 5-10mg CBG) once or twice daily.
- CBG Gummies: Begin with one gummy (typically 10-25mg CBG) per day.
- CBG Isolate: Start with 5-10mg mixed into food or drink once daily.
- CBG Topicals: Apply a small amount to the affected area 2-3 times daily.
POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS OF CBG
While generally considered safe, CBG, like any bioactive compound, can affect individuals differently. Palladini et al. (2019) point out in their review of preclinical evidence that more comprehensive human studies are needed to fully understand CBG’s long-term effects.
Reported side effects, while typically mild, may include any of the following:
- dry mouth
- drowsiness
- changes in appetite
- and in rare cases, diarrhea or dizziness
- Psychoactive effects, but no psychotropic effects – CBG doesn’t cause a high but can affect mood and mental clarity.
PRECAUTIONS AND WARNINGS
Before using CBG, it’s essential to understand its potential interactions with other medications.
Potential risks and precautions include:
- Drug Interactions: CBG may interact with certain medications, particularly those metabolized by the liver’s cytochrome P450 enzyme system.
- Blood Pressure Effects: As highlighted by Vernail et al. (2022), CBG can lower blood pressure. While this could be beneficial for some, it may pose risks for those with hypotension or on blood pressure medications.
- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Due to limited research, it’s advisable to avoid CBG during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
- Individual Sensitivity: As with any supplement, some individuals may be more sensitive to CBG’s effects. Starting with a low dose can help mitigate this risk.
Unlike THC, CBG doesn’t typically trigger positive results on standard drug tests. However, full-spectrum CBG products may contain trace amounts of THC, which could potentially lead to a positive test result. If drug testing is a concern, opt for CBG isolate products.
CBG LEGAL STATUS WORLDWIDE
In the U.S., CBG derived from hemp (cannabis plants containing less than 0.3% THC) was effectively legalized at the federal level with the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill. However, individual states may have their own regulations.
In Canada, CBG is legal when derived from hemp or marijuana, but products must comply with Cannabis Act regulations.
The EU’s stance on CBG is less uniform, with many countries allowing CBG derived from hemp with < 0.2% THC, while others have more restrictive policies.
Global Trends and Future Outlook:
- Increased Research: As more studies demonstrate CBG’s potential benefits, we may see a trend towards more permissive regulations.
- Harmonization Efforts: There’s a growing push for more uniform international standards for cannabinoids like CBG.
- Distinction from THC: Many jurisdictions are recognizing the need to regulate non-psychoactive cannabinoids differently from THC.
- Product-Specific Regulations: We may see more nuanced rules based on product types (e.g., topicals vs. ingestibles).
Four Frequently Asked Questions
The Future of CBG: Emerging Research and Potential Applications
As research progresses, we may see CBG-based treatments for various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, drug-resistant infections, mood disorders, and cardiovascular issues.
Challenges remain, including regulatory hurdles, the need for increased research funding, product standardization, and public education. Despite these challenges, the opportunities presented by CBG are immense.
As we continue to unlock the secrets of this remarkable compound, we stand on the brink of a new frontier in natural health solutions. The future of CBG is unfolding before us, and it’s a future full of promise and potential.
FINAL THOUGHTS
CBG is a powerful, versatile cannabinoid with enormous potential for treating a wide range of health issues; and according to a 2024 study by Dr. Ethan Russo, CBG appears to be more potent than CBD for anxiety and pain.
Does that mean we need to focus on CBG more than CBD? Not necessarily, but it doesn’t support reasoning on why CBG should also be considered as an additional product in your health and wellness arsenal.
WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS
- Have you tried CBG before?
- If so, why did you take it and what was your experience?
Please share in the comments below!
2 Responses
Need help with pain s can I get gummy bear for pain
Thank you for reaching out about CBG for pain management. While we can’t provide medical advice, I can assure you that you will find your answer within the 350+ medical and scientific studies we have listed towards the beginning of this article. Use the search bar and just type in “PAIN” — You’ll be shown all the studies that have been published about CBG for pain. Also, if you’re on any medications, we highly recommend talking with your healthcare provider first. Share with your doctor this URL so he can view all of the Cannabigerol for pain studies as well! If you have any further questions, please let me know or give us a call directly to our office: 1-877-399-3471